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Upper and Lower limb > ankle > Flashcards

ankle Flashcards

1
Q

muscles plantarflexing the ankle joint?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
  • fibularis longus
  • fibularis brevis
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor hallicus longus
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2
Q

action of gastrocnemius?

A
  • together with soleus, is the main plantarflexor of the ankle joint
  • provide the propelling forces for locomotion
  • as it crosses the knee it is a powerful flexor of the knee joint
  • not able to fully exert its full power on both simultanoeusly
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3
Q

functional activity of gastrocnemius?

A
  • in walking, running and jumping it provides a considerable amount of the propulsive force
  • shortening can occur when wearing high heels
  • if this occurs, difficult in walking in flat shoes, or bare feet may be experienced due to limited dorsiflexion of the ankle joint
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4
Q

action of soleus?

A
  • one of the 2 major plantarflexors of the ankle joint
  • it is placed to prevent the body from falling forwards at the ankle joint during standing, and as such is an important postural muscle
  • intermittent contraction of the muscle suring standing aids venous return, due to communicating vessels joining the deep and superficial venous systems which pass . through its substance
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5
Q

action of plantaris?

A

weak flexor of the knee and plantarflexor of the ankle joint

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6
Q

functional activity of gastrocnemius?

A
  • gastrocnemius acts as a propelling forces, working mainly on the ankle but also producing flexion of the knee if working strongly enough
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7
Q

functional activity of soleus?

A

is better situated to act as a more postural muscle, due to its lower attachment is the fixed point and prevents the leg from moving forwards under the influence of body weight, because the vertical projection from the COG of the body falls in front of the ankle joint

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8
Q

muscles dorsiflexing the ankle joint?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • fibularis tertius
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9
Q

action of tibialis anterior?

A
  • dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint
  • when working with tibialis posterior it acts to invert the foot, in which the sole of the foot is turned to face medially
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10
Q

functional activity of tibialis anterior?

A
  • concerned with balancing the body on the foot
  • works with the surrounding muscles to maintain body balance during activities of the upper body which change the distribution of weight
  • responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot as the lower limb is carried forward during swing phase of walking, so preventing the toes catching the ground, it also controls placement of the foot on the ground following initial contact by the heel
  • with the dorsiflexors it plays an important role in lowering the rest of the foot to the ground
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11
Q

muscles inverting the foot?

A

tibialis posterior

tibialis anterior

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12
Q

action of tibialis posterior?

A
  • main invertor of the foot
  • it pulls upwards and inwards and therefore rotates the forefoot so that the plantar surface faces medially
  • can also plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint, but its contribution is small
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13
Q

functional activity of tibialis posterior?

A
  • helps maintain the balance of the tibia on the foot, particularly when the body weight is tending to move laterally
  • being a string invertor, it controls the forefoot in walking and running by positioning the foot so that the medial arch is not completely flattened
  • its manly tendinous expansions help to maintain all the various arches of the foot
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14
Q

muscles everting the foot?

A
  • fibularis longus
  • fibularis brevis
  • fibularis tertius
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15
Q

action of fibularis longus?

A
  • an evertor of the foot

- produces plantarflexion of the foot, with the medial side of the foot being drawn downwards, as in pronation

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16
Q

functional activity of fibularis longus?

A
  • in standind, with surrounding muscles, helps to maintain the erect position
  • it controls mediolateral sway by pressing the medial side of the foot onto the ground
  • this function is better seen and appreciated when standing on one leg when this muscle works hard to maintain the leg over the foot and prevent body from falling to the opposite side
  • during powerful action of the foot, in running particularly over rough ground it is important
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17
Q

action of fibularis brevis?

A
  • evertor of the foot

- the pull of its tendon is in such a direction as to produce plantarflexion of the ankle at the same time

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18
Q

functional activity of fibualris brevis?

A
  • prevents mediolateral sway when standing
  • when standing on one leg it helps prevent the body from falling to the opposite side, thus working with a reversed origin and insertion
  • in running/ walking, especially over rough ground, it plays an important role in controlling the position of the foot and should prevent the foot form becoming too inverted
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19
Q

Action of fibularis tertius?

A

weak evertor and dorsiflexor of the foot at the ankle joint

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20
Q

functional activity of fibularis tertius?

A

helps prevent excessive inversion during sporting activities e.g. reduces injuries

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21
Q

muscles extending the toes?

A
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor digitorum brevis
  • lumbricals
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22
Q

action of extensor hallucis longus?

A
  • extends all of the joints of the great toe, but mainly the metatarsophalangeal joint
  • powerful dorsiflexor of the foot and ankle joint
23
Q

paralysis of extensor hallucis longus?

A

results in flexion of the joint and buckling of the toe during the last phase of gait, due to unopposed action of the flexor muscles

24
Q

action of extensor digitirum longus?

A
  • extensor of the lateral 4 toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, and also assists in extension at the interphalangeal joints
  • also aids in dorsiflexion
25
Q

paralysis of the lumbicals?

A

extensor digitorum longus produces hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint, while the interphalangeal joints are flexed

26
Q

functional activity of extensor digitirum longus?

A
  • during walking and running, extensor digitorum longus pulls the toes upwards after they have been flexed prior to ‘ toe-off’, and keeps them clear of the ground until the heel and foot make contact with the ground again
27
Q

action of extensor digitorum brevis?

A
  • medial part aids EHL in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint, while the other 3 tendons aid EDL
  • helps the lumbricals extend the interphalangeal joints, however, it is unable to do so independently
28
Q

functional activity of extensor digitorum brevis?

A
  • helps EDL and EHL to raise the toes clear of the ground in running and walking
29
Q

Action of the lumbricals?

A
  • contraction of the lumbricals produces flexion of the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint
  • extend the interphalangeal joints
30
Q

functional activity of the lumbricals?

A
  • prevents clawing of the toes during the propulsive phase of gait
31
Q

muscles flexing the toes?

A
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor accessorius
  • flexor digitorum brevis
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor hallucis brevis
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • interossei
  • lumbricals
32
Q

action of flexor digitorum longus?

A
  • flexes the lateral 4 toes, flexing the distal interphalangeal joints first, then the proximal interphalangeal joints and finally the metatarsophalangeal joints
  • also helps to plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint
  • with the ankle joint plantarflexed, its flexing action on the toes diminishes
33
Q

functional activity of flexor digitorum longus?

A
  • in the propulsive phase of running, jumping or walking, FDL pulls the toes firmly downwards towards the ground to get maximum grip and thrust during the toe- off phase
  • when the body is in the standing position, the toes tend to grip the ground to improve balance
34
Q

action of flexor accessories?

A
  • helps the long flexor tendons flex all the joints of the lateral 4 toes
  • by pulling on the lateral side of the tendon of FDL, it changes the direction of pull so that the toes flex towards the heel and not towards the medial malleolus
35
Q

functional activity of flexor accessories?

A
  • important role to play in gait when flexor digitorum longus is already shortened due to plantar-flexion of the ankle joint
  • The muscle exerts its action on the long flexor tendons so that the toes can be flexed to grip the ground giving support and thrust during the propulsive phase
  • this essentially means that FDL can be considered to act powerfully across 2 joints at the same time
36
Q

action of flexor digitorum brevis?

A
  • flexes the proximal interphalangeal joint of the lateral 4 toes, followed by flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints
37
Q

functional activity of flexor digitorum brevis?

A
  • produces the thrust from the toes when the demand arises
38
Q

action of flexor hallucis longus?

A
  • flexes all the joints of the great toe
  • first acts on interphalangeal joints and then the metatarsophlangeal joints
  • as it crosses the ankle joint is helps produce plantarflexion of the foot
39
Q

functional activity of flexor hallicus longus?

A
  • produces much of the final thrust from the foot during walking
  • at this point in the gait, the calf muscles have already produced their maximum power and the flexors of the lateral 4 toes are just completing their max contraction
  • flexion of the great toes is thus the final act before the foot is lifted from the ground ready for the next step
  • also plays an important role in maintaining the medial arch
40
Q

action of flexor hallucis brevis?

A
  • flex the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe
41
Q

functional activity of flexor hallucis brevis?

A
  • aids flexor hallucis longus in the final push off from the ground during activity
42
Q

action of flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A
  • flexes the metatarsophalangeal joint

- also helps to support the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot

43
Q

muscles abducting the toes?

A
  • abductor hallucis
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • dorsal interossei
44
Q

action of abductor hallucis?

A
  • abducts the great toe of the metatarsophalangeal joint and helps to flex it at this joint
  • can act as a bowstring to the arch when the foot is being used for propelling the body forwards
  • can also help in controlling the central position of this toe when its being flexed
  • when the muscle contracts hard, the greta toe moves medially
45
Q

action of abductor digiti minimi?

A
  • on contraction abducts the 5th toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
    helps flex at this joint
46
Q

functional activity of abductor digiti minimi?

A

similar to abductor hallucis in the way it acts as a bow string
running and jumping activities to ensure that the arch is maintained under stress

47
Q

action of the dorsal interossei?

A
  • abduct the toes at the metatarsophalangeal joint

- acting with the plantar interossei, they produce flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint

48
Q

functional activity of the dorsal interossei?

A
  • with the plantar interossei controls the direction of the toes during violent activity, thus enabling the long and short flexors to perform their appropriate actions
  • can flex the metatarsophalangeal joint and so rise the heads of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals, thus helping maintenance of the medial and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot
49
Q

muscles adducting the toes?

A
  • adductor hallucis

- plantar interossei

50
Q

action of adductor hallucis?

A
  • adducts the great toe towards the 2nd toe and flexes the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint
51
Q

functional activity of adductor hallucis?

A
  • working with abductor hallucis, it helps control the position of the great toe so that active flexion can be produced and thereby provide the final thrust needed in walking running or jumping
52
Q

action of plantar interossei?

A
  • adduct the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes forward towards the 2nd

- flex the metatarsophalangeal joints of the lateral 3 toes

53
Q

functional activity of the plantar interossei?

A
  • with the help of the dorsal interossei and abductor digiti minimi, the plantar interossei help control the position of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes during push- off phase of walking and running
  • they also help prevent splaying of the toes when weight is suddenly applied to the forefoot

Upper and Lower limb (7 decks)

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