Ankle Flashcards
What is the groove that the posterior tibialis and flexor digitorum longus tendon pass thru?
malleolar groove
also have the medial malleolus that articulates with the talus, and the fibular notch on the distal tibia that articulates with the fibula
What tendon is the lateral malleolus of the fibula important for?
contains the malleolar fossa which is the attachment for the posterior talofibular ligament
What is the largest and second largest tarsal bones?
calcaneus, then talus
both referred to as the hind foot
What mechanism does the anterior ankle have, and how often is it involved in injuries?
extensor mechanisms of the foot, seldom involved in injuries
What are the tendons of the anterior ankle?
tibialis anterior tendon: largest and most medial
extensor hallicus longus tendon: lateral to TA, inserts on big toe
extensor digitorum longus tendon: lateral to EHL, splits into 4 and inserts on toes
What part of the ankle is most often involved in injuries?
lateral ankle from inversion injuries
What are the ligaments of the lateral ankle?
anterior talofibular ligament: weakest and 1st to be injured
anterior tibiofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
What is the most common injury of the ankle?
ankle sprain
80% involve lateral ligament complex caused by inversion with the foot in plantar flexion
What is a grade 1 ankle sprain?
grade 2?
grade 3?
1- mild, microscopic without stretching seen
2- moderate, macroscopic stretching but ligament is intact
3- severe and complete rupture of ligament
What are the ligaments most commonly affected in ankle sprains from most commonly affected to least?
anterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
tibiofibular ligament: high sprains and most serious
causes chronic instability in 20% of sprains
What are the tendons of the lateral ankle?
peroneus longus tendon: longest tendon insertion in the body, wraps under the foot
peroneus brevis tendon: both responsible for eversion of foot, share protective sheath
superior fibular retinaculum: holds peroneus tendons in place and prevents subluxation
What are some pathologies of the lateral ankle tendons?
how does it appear?
tendinosis, rupture with retraction, subluxation and dislocation
thickening with fluid in sheath, hypoechoic sections, tears or complete rupture, or in abn location
What is the saying for the medial ankle tendons?
what mechanism does the medial ankle have?
Tom, Dick and a very nervous Harry
flexor mechanism of foot
What is Tom?
posterior tibialis tendon: has insertion on all tarsals except talus and calcaneus
weakness causes flat foot and dorsiflexed talus
What is Dick?
what can happen if PTT is ruptured?
flexor digitorum longus tendon: inserts on plantar surface of 4 toes
if PTT is ruptured, FDL may slide medially into that spot