Animals in Society: Part B (Wild & Captive Animals - Welfare) Flashcards
Learning Outcomes
Wild and captive welfare
Human have ___________ over animals whether we like it or not. We choose how they are kept.
dominance
Humans have controlled what is necessary for (a)_________ and good (b)__________.
(a) survival
(b) welfare
Species that allow themselves to be ______________ have secured better survival.
domesticated
Using a (a)_________ (b)________, we can use the (c)________ to make better (d)____________ for animal care and welfare.
(a) scientific
(b) approach
(c) results
(d) recommendations
It is crucial that we understand how animals (a)_________ and (b)________ the world in order to achieve good welfare.
(a) percieve
(b) interpret
An animals welfare is not dependent on what we think, feel or our intentions for them but instead our ________.
actions
The mind of an animal and the perception of our own welfare is determined by:
(1)___________
(Hint: species and breeding)
(2)_____________
(Hint: experience and interpretation of the experience)
(1) Genetics
(2) Education
The definition of welfare has changed over the years and now indicates (a)_______ on a (b)______.
(a) health
(b) scale
Captivity vs. Wild
The ‘wild’ is an unpredictable _____________ that provides constant challenges.
environment
Captivity vs. Wild
List 4 factors that threaten the health and survival of an animal.
(4 answers)
- Predators
- Food Availability
- Weather
- Illness
*image attached
Wild Animals
The ability for a wild animal to cope with these factors depends on:
- Places to (a)_____ and (b)_____.
- Availabilty of _________.
- _________ of the terrain.
- _____________ (other adults or young), hint: a member of the same species
- (a) hide, (b) rest
- resources
- Geography
- Conspecifics (a member of the same species)
Wild Animals - Active vs. Sedentary
lifestyle in captivity
Pre-reading:
“We found that mammals from zoo populations generally lived longer than their wild counterparts [-]
(84% of species).”
Source: Tidière, M., Gaillard, JM., Berger, V. et al. Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals. Sci Rep 6, 36361 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36361
Wild Animals - Active vs. Sedentary
lifestyle in captivity
Pre-reading:
“The effect was most notable in species with a faster pace of life (i.e. a short life span, high reproductive rate and high mortality in the wild) because zoos evidently offer protection against a number of relevant conditions like predation, intraspecific competition and diseases.”
Source: Tidière, M., Gaillard, JM., Berger, V. et al. Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals. Sci Rep 6, 36361 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36361
Next: activity
Wild Animals - Active vs. Sedentary
lifestyle in captivity
ACTIVITY
“The effect was most notable in species with a (1)_______ pace of life.
[e.g. a (2)_____ life span, (3)_____ reproductive rate and (4)_____ mortality in the (5)___] because zoos evidently offer (6)___________ against a number of relevant conditions like (7)__________, (8)________ ____________ and (9)________.”
- faster
- short
- high
- high
- wild
- protection
- predation (predators)
- intraspecific competition
- diseases
Wild Animals - Active vs. Sedentary
lifestyle in captivity
Pre-reading
“Species with a slower pace of life (i.e. a long life span, low reproduction rate and low mortality in the wild) benefit less from captivity in terms of longevity; in such species, there is probably less potential for a reduction in mortality.”
Source: Tidière, M., Gaillard, JM., Berger, V. et al. Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals. Sci Rep 6, 36361 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36361
Next: activity
Wild Animals - Active vs. Sedentary
lifestyle in captivity
ACTIVITY
Species with a (1)_______ pace of life… e.g. a (2)____ life span, (3)___ reproduction (4)____ and (5)___ mortality in the wild) benefit (6)___ from captivity in terms of (7)_________; in such species, there is probably (8)___ potential for a (9)_________ in (10)_______.
- slower
- long
- low
- rate
- low
- less
- longevity
- less
- reduction
- (10) mortality
Wild Vs. Captivity
Social Grouping
Pre-reading:
- Group size is one of the most important factors influencing the formation and maintenance of successful social groups in captivity.
- For zoos, appropriate social groupings are of the utmost importance to provide examples of species-typical behaviors, as well as attain captive breeding goals.
- In the wild, group-living evolved largely in response to the need for predator avoidance and territory defense.
- The number of members in wild groups is a fundamental determinant of individual fitness, affecting net food intake and reproductive success.
- Captive animals encounter different environmental pressures than their wild counterparts; food availability and predation are no longer concerns, however they still face competition for mates and are unable to make the social adjustments necessary to decrease social tension.
- As such, group size has a large impact on the behavior, welfare and reproductive success of captive animals.
- Depending on the species, suboptimal sizes can be associated with increased abnormal behaviors and decreased reproductive success and infant survival in a range of captive mammals.
- However, in the absence of environmental constraints, many species can be housed in a greater diversity of social groups than observed in the wild. Thus, a key component of captive housing is flexibility.
Source: Price, Elizabeth & Stoinski, Tara. (2007). Group size: Determinants in the wild and implications for the captive housing of wild mammals in zoos. Applied Animal Behaviour Science - APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI. 103. 255-264. 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.021.
Next: activities
Social Grouping: Activity 1
Group size is one of the most important (1)_______ influencing the (2)_______ and (3)___________ of successful (4)____ groups in (5)______.
- factors
- formation
- maintenance
- social
- captivity
Social Grouping: Activity 2
For zoos, appropriate social groupings are important to provide (1)______ of (2)_____-_____ (3)________, as well as attain captive (4)_______ goals.
- examples
- species-typical
- behaviors
- breeding
Social Grouping: Activity 3
In the (1)____, group-living (2)______ largely in response to the need for (3)_______ (4)_________ and (5)______ (6)______.
- wild
- evolved
- predator
- avoidance
- territory
- defense
Social Grouping: Activity 4
The number of (1)______ in wild groups is a (2)_________ (3)_________ of individual (4)______, affecting (5)___ food intake and (6)____________ success.
- members
- fundamental
- determinant (a factor which decisively affects the nature or outcome of something.)
- fitness
- net
- reproductive
Social Grouping: Activity 5
(1)______animals encounter different (2)_________ pressures than their (3)____ counterparts; (4) ____-________ and (5)_______ are no longer concerns, however they still face competition for (6)_____ and are unable to make the (7)______ adjustments necessary to (8)________ social tension.
- captive
- environmental
- wild
- food-availability
- predation
- mates
- social
- decrease
Social Grouping: Activity 6
Group size has a large (1)_____ on the (2)________, (3)______ and (4)_________success of (5)______ animals.
- impact
- behaviour
- welfare
- reproductive
- captive
Social Grouping: Activity 7
Depending on the species, (1)_______ sizes can be associated with (2)______ (3) _______ (4)_________ and (5)_______ (6)__________ success and (7)_____ survival in a range of (8)______ mammals.
- suboptimal
- increased
- abnormal
- behaviours
- decreased
- reproductive
- infant
- captive
Social Grouping: Activity 8
In the (1)_______ of (2)_________ constraints, many species can be (3)_______in a greater (4)_______ of social groups than observed in the (5)____.
Thus, a key (6)_________ of (7)______ housing is (8)________.
- absence
- environmental
- housed
- diversity
- wild
- component
- captive
- flexibility
*Wild Welfare
In the wild, welfare may be compromised or considered to be of a poor standard.
True or False?
True
*Wild Welfare
A wild animals welfare can be considered poor, even though it is at liberty (free will) to make it’s own decisions?
True or False?
*Wild Welfare
Successful decisions (of a wild animal**) = _______________
adaption
*Wild Welfare
Unsuccessful decisions (of a wild animal) = _______________
death
Captive Animals
- Captive and domesticated animals* have to deal with humans (e.e caretakers, transport).
- This can (a)____ or (b)_____ an animal dealing with the challenges it faces.
(a) help
(b) hinder
Captive Animals 2
Captive and domesticated animals live in highly (a)________ and (b)_________ environments.
They can be challeneged (c)________ or (d)___ __ __.
Example:
A companion cat may have access to food, comfort and an absence of fear - but also experience suffering.
Learning:
Welfare is dependent on challenges and an animals ability to cope/ deal with them.
(a) predictable
(b) structured
(c) frequently
(d) not at all
Captive Animals: True or False?
Lifespan should not be considered essential for welfare
True or False?
True
Captive Animals: True or False?
Animals do not live in fear of death
True or False?
True
Captive Animals: True or False?
With exception of a few species - e.g. Primates and maybe elephants the majority of animals are unconcerned about fellow species being dead.
True or False?
True
