Animals: Echinodermata

Question 1

Deuterostomes- echinoderm (&chordates)

_______ arises from second opening in embryo

Answer 1

mouth

Question 2

Phylum: Echinodermata
-include some of the most colorful and distinctive __________
-can be found in _________, seashores, reefs, also in deeper water
-ex. sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars

Answer 2

-marine animals
-tide pools

Question 3

Deuterostomes
-Phyla Echinoderms and ____________: most closely related to each other (_________)
-during gastrula stage of development, first indentation becomes _________ (__________)
-molecular evidence, such as ribosomal RNA sequences, _____________ close relationship the 2 phyla

Answer 3

-chordates
-sister clades
-anus
-deuterostomes
-confirms

Question 4

Deuterostomes
1.) Cleavage
(____________)
2. Anus develops __________, mouth ____________
3. Enterocoelic (first forms as outpocket of gut)

Answer 4

-radial
-first
-second

Question 5

Echinoderms
*________
-_____________ symmetry
-______________ symmetry as ____________
-bilateral symmetry as larvae.
(chordates only vertebrates)

Answer 5

-invertebrates
-bilateral
-radial
-adults

Question 6

Phylum: Echinodermata
-________ digestive system
-_________ system
-circumoral nerve ring (radial)
-nerve networks connected to a central __________ series of *nerve ganglia
-musculatore system
-circular and longitudal muscles

Answer 6

-complete
-nervous
-ring-like

Question 7

Phylum: Echinodermata
*first phylum with ___________ skeleton
-dermal calcareous ossicles
-some with spines or spicules
-respiration by dermal branchae, tube feet, or respiratory tree
*no excretory organs (no __________)
-locomotion by _________, and/or arms

Answer 7

-internal
-kidneys
-tube feet

Question 8

Echinodermata Characteristics
1. all are ____________!
-no freshwater or __________ forms exist
-7,000 species
2. Echinoderm= spiny skinned
-___________ plates/ spines embedded in skin
for _____________
-distinctive sets of organs protruding from their skin:
-tube feet (podia)
-______________
3. Adults are pentraradially symmetrical
-__________ body regions or arms
-radial symmetry is __________
-larvae bilaterally symmetrical
-undergo _____________ to become radially symmetrical adults
4. Water-vascular system:
-____________ canals branching from a ring that encircles the gut
-canals lead to podia (_________): sucker-like appendages
*movement and ____________
-tube feet ________ by hydraulic pressure

Answer 8

-Marine
-terrestrial
-calcium
-protection
-spines
–5
-secondary
-metamorphosis
-water filled
-tube feet
-respiration
-extend/retract

Question 9

Pentaradial symmetry
(aboral)top side of sea star: madreporite and anus
(oral)bottomside: ambulacrum, mouth

Question 10

Water Vascular System
-on _______ surface: __________ of water vascular system madreporite (sieve plate)
-water enters madreporite to ring canal, then to radial canal extending into ____________

Answer 10

-aboral
-opening
-each arm

Question 11

Water vascular system
-all along length of _________ are lateral _______ that terminate in bulb-like structures called ampullae equipped with tube feet
-tube feet line grooves on the ________ surface- ambulacral grooves

Answer 11

-canals
-canals
-oral

Question 12

Echinoderm Skeleton
-interlocking calcium carbonate plates and __________
-enclosed by the epidermis (an _____________)

Answer 12

-spines
-endoskeleton (internal skeleton)

Question 13

Digestive System
-___________ stomach
-______________ stomach extends out through the mouth
-secretes digestive __________
-digestion is completed within pyloric stomach
-_________ on aboral surface

Answer 13

-two-part
-1st stomach- cardiac
-enzymes
-anus
2nd stomach is pyloric

Question 14

Circulatory system
-in general ________ system
*use water vascular system and coelom

Answer 14

-no special

Question 15

Reproduction
-sexes usually __________
*__________ dimorphism
-fertilization usually in sea (__________)
-asexual by ____________

fragmentation: a new organism can grow and develop from a ____ of the parent organism
ex. sea star

Answer 15

-separate
-no sexual
-external
-regeneration

Question 16

Class Crinoidea- Sea lilies/ Feather stars
-approx. 600 living species (__________ extinct species)
-crinoids show very conservative ____________
-fossilized sea lilies from _______ million years ago could pass ________ members of the class

Answer 16

-5,000
-evolution
-500
-modern

Question 17

Class Crinoidea- sea lilies/ feather stars
Defining characteristics:
-well-developed ossicles in ___________
-the _____ surface bears 5 pair of bursal sacs
*cilia lined sacs
-excretion
*gas exchange

Answer 17

-the arms
-oral

Question 18

Class crinoidea- sea lilies/feather stars
-__________ feeders
- arms branched attached by a stalk or free-moving
-sea lilies: attached to the substratum by stalks (_________)
-__________: crawl using their long, flexible arms (free-living)
-mouth and anus on ___________ surface

Answer 18

-suspension
-sessile
-feather stars
-oral

Question 19

Class Echinoidea: Sea urchins and sand dollars
-skeleton _______ (plates fused), enclosed in shell
-___________: but have 5 rows of tube feet for locomotion
-body surface usually covered with _________
-sea urchins roughly spherical
-sand dollars, flattened disk
-sea urchins generally feed by scraping __________ off __________
-via a complex ________ apparatus:
Aristotle’s lantern
-five calcium carbonate teeth/, fleshy, tongue-like structure within

Red Sea urchin:
each with 5 pairs of __________ (10)
sushi delicacy known as uni

Answer 19

Sea urchins and sand dollars(closest relatives)
-rigid
-no arms
-movable spines
-algae
-rocks
-chewing

-gonads

Question 20

Class Asteroidea- Sea Stars
-_______ are not sharply distinct from ______ disc
-ambulacral grooves open, tube feet with suckers
-mouth on ____________
-predators, scavenger eaters

Answer 20

-arms
-central
-underside

Question 21

Regeneration
-many species have ____________, where they can ________ a part of their body
-this leaves predators with a nutritious souvenir while they ________
-most species can _______ from fragments that include the ____________

Answer 21

-autotomy
-detach
-escape
-regenerate
-central disk

Question 22

Class Ophiuroidea- brittle stars
-arms ________ demarcated from body disc
-tube fee without _________
-not used in locomotion
-arms protected by __________
-some species are suspension-feeders, others are scavengers or predators

Answer 22

-sharply
-suckers
-spines

Question 23

Class Holothuroidea- Sea cucumbers
-look _________ from other echinoderms
-no __________
-little or no hard ____________
-oral-aboral axis is __________
-BUT- have 5 rows of ___________
*most are immobile
-circle of oral tentacles around mouth
*respiration occurs through gill in ____________

Answer 23

-different
-spines
-endoskeleton
-elongated
-tube feet
-anus

Question 24

Class Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers
-lack __________
-oral-aboral axis is greatly extended
-endoskeleton ________ to a few ossicles scattered over the surface (soft bodied)*worm
-some species crawl along the substrate using podia; others have peristaltic locomotion via muscle __________

Answer 24

-arms
-reduced
-contractions

Question 25

Class Holothuroidea- sea cucumbers
Defenses
-when threatened, some discharge __________ threads to ensnare their enemies
-some __________ their own bodies as a defense mechanism
-violently contract muscles and expel some __________ ________ out of their anus
-missing body parts _____________