Animalia: Porifera & Cnidaria

Question 1

Eukarya:
-Kingdom Protista
-Kingdom Fungi
-Kingdom Plantae
*Kingdom __________

Answer 1

Animalia

Question 2

Animalia
-37 phyla (but we will focus on 9)
-1.3 million species
-Arose ____ mya
-__________ period
-Animal life began in _________

Answer 2

-570
-Cambrian
-water

Question 3

What is an animal?
-Eukaryotic
-____________
-Lack ____________
-Heterotrophs
-Stores carbohydrates as _____________
-_____________ from **Blastula
-Extracellular matrix

**synapomorphy of animals

-ancestors of multicellular animals are __________

Answer 3

-multicellular
-cell wall
-glycogen
-develop
-protists: mobile protozoan

Question 4

Cell and Tissue organization
Parazoans: (i.e. sponges)
-_________ of animals (lack __________)
-Specialized cell types
-Cells do not interact to provide specific functions

Eumatazoans: animals with ________(all other animals
-Multiple _______ types interact
-Form organs such as brain, heart, kidney, etc.
-Work together (ex. distribute blood, dispose waste, etc.)

Answer 4

-Simplest
-true tissues
-tissues
-tissue

Question 5

Body Symmetry and Cephalization
*Asymmetrical: ______ symmetry (ex. sponges)
*Radial Symmetry: arranged around a ____________ (ex. jellyfishes, hydras, adult sea stars-not Cnidarian)
*Bilateral Symmetry: only ___________, divide animal into _________ images (ex. crayfish, worms, humans)
-sea star born & characterized as bilateral, grows into radial symmetry

Answer 5

-lack
-central axis
-one plane
-mirror

Question 6

Body Symmetry and Cephalization
Bilateral Symmetry
-Correlated with cephalization (dev. of head/brain)
-________________ concentrate
-Brain in animal’s head
-More complex sense organs
-_________ ability to evaluate and respond to ____________
-Elongated body form, with _______ appendages and organs on either side of body
-New options for ___________

Answer 6

-sensory organs
-increased
-environment
-paired
-locomotion

Question 7

Embryonic Development: Two or Three Germ Layers (Tissue layers)

Eumatazoans
-__________: composed of 2 or 3 layers of tissue (_______ layers)
-Ectoderm: outer tissue layer
-Endoderm: inner layer
-Mesoderm: third germ layer (between ectoderm and endoderm)

Answer 7

-Gastrula
-primary

Question 8

Embryonic Development: Germ Layers

Endoderm: (internal layer)
-Lung cells (alveolar cell)
-Thyroid cells
-Digestive cells (pancreatic cells)
Ectoderm(external layer)-
-skin cells of epidermis
-neuron on brain
-pigment cells
Mesoderm (middle layer)-
-cardiac muscle cells
-skeletal muscle cells
-tubule cells of the kidney
-red blood cells
-smooth muscle cells (in gut)

Question 9

Body Cavity (Coelom)
Coelom: ________ body ______. forms in __________.
-ex. earthworms, snails, insects, sea stars, chordates

Pseudocoelom (“false coelom”): cavity lined partly with mesoderm and with endoderm
-ex. roundworms

No coelom (ex. flatworms)

Answer 9

-fluid-filled
-cavity
-mesoderm

Question 10

Body Cavity (Coelom)
Advantages of coelom:
1. Organs ____________ and developed
-Move independently from _____________
-Room for enlargement and complexity
2. Fluid protects organ from ___________
3. Buffers against __________ change
4. Respiration, circulation, excretion
5. ___________ skeleton
-muscles push against fluid- animals move

Answer 10

-more complex
-body wall
-damage
-temperature
-hydrostatic

Question 11

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Protostomes
*_______ cleavage- daughter cells sit in _________(at angles)
*_______ spears near the blastopore
-mesoderm

Deuterostomes
*_________ cleavage- daughter cells sit above _______ cells
*_______ appears near the blastopore
-gut & mesoderm

Answer 11

-spiral
-grooves
-radial
-previous
-mouth
-anus

Question 12

Coelomic Animals
Protostomes
-Mollusca
-Annelids
-Arthropods

Deuterostomes
-Echinoderms
-Chordates

Question 13

Digestive Tract
Some lack digestive tracts
-ex. sponges
-water enters and leave body ___________
Incomplete digestive tract
-ex. cnidarians and flatworms
-____________________ and ejects wastes
-___________ cavity (secretes enzymes and distributes nutrients throughout animal)

Answer 13

-through pores
-mouth takes in food
-gastrovascular

Question 14

Digestive Tract
Complete digestive tract
-food passes in one direction _______________
-food processed in specialized compartments
-_________ efficiency of nutrients _______ from food
-increased nutrients available for hunting, defense, and reproduction

Answer 14

-mouth to anus
-increase
-extracted

Question 15

Segmentation
Segmentation: Division into repeated subunits
-ex. centipedes, millipedes, earthworms
-insects and vertebrates also have segmented bodies, but ______________
-increased _________
-more potential for development of ________ body parts
-ex. antennae on insect head, wings, or legs from other segments

Answer 15

-less obvious
-flexibility
-specialized

Question 16

Reproduction and Development

Direct development: _________ stage; juvenile resemble ________
- ex. newly hatched crickets looks like a smaller version of adults

Indirect development: pass through ____________
-ex. butterflies , frogs

Answer 16

-no larval
-adults
-larval stages

Question 17

Phylum: Porifera
-_________
-“pore bearers”
-________ animal group
-sessile aquatic animals
-no true _____________
-_______________

Answer 17

-sponges
-oldest
-tissues and organs
-asymmetrical

Question 18

Phylum: Porifera
-Made up of ________________ types (lack ______)
-Some cells secrete collagen fibers or spicules(___________ minerals made of silica or calcium carbonate)
-other cells help sponges with growth, repair, nourishment, reproduction

Answer 18

-specialized cell
-tissue
-tiny, sharp

Question 19

Phylum: Porifera
-Collar cells: ________ cells, trap and partially digest food particles
-amoebocytes: cells that help digest food and ________ to other cells
-secrete skeletal components, like protein fibers and spicules (silica or calcium carbonate)
-Contain _____________

Answer 19

-feeding
-distribute
-toxic chemicals

(oysters, glass)

Question 20

Phylum: Porifera
Hermaphrodites:
-_____________ makes both sperm and egg cells
-________ released into water, retains ______
-Sperm from nearby sponges enter body through pores
-After fertilization, zygote develops into _________
-released and drifts before settling into a new habitat
-some sponges also reproduce ___________ by budding or fragmentation

Answer 20

-some individuals
-sperm
-eggs
-blastula
-asexually

Question 21

Phylum: Cnidaria
-Greek “nettle” (stinging plant)
-_______ symmetry
-_________ cells
-_____ germ layers
-most marine, some (ex. hydra) live in freshwater
-ex. jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anenomes

Answer 21

-radial
-stinging
-2

Question 22

Phylum: Cnidaria
Body Forms
1. Polyp: sessile cnidarian, stalk hold the tentacles
_______
-ex. ______________, sea anenomes
2. Medusa: tentacles dangle _________ from a free-swimming bell
-ex. ________
In both forms, mouth leads to the ________ gastrovascular cavity

Answer 22

-upward
-hydras, corals
-downward
-jellyfish
-dead-end

Question 23

Phylum: Cnidaria
Stinging cells - cnidocytes
-Cnidocytes: tiny ___________ that sting prey or a predator
-________________ prey

Answer 23

-harpoons
-sense, grab, paralyze