Animals cells: structures and organelles Flashcards
Cell from the Latin “cella” meaning…
small chamber
refers more specifically to the individual units of living structure…
cell
the functional unit of all animals life.
cell
properties of the cell are equated with those of life. Therefore, the properties include…
Homeostasis
growth
reproduction
absorption
metabolism
secretion
irritability
conductivity
contractility
the last two characteristics, however, are not properties of all cells.
conductivity and contractility
an important functional characteristics of both nerve and muscle cells
conductivity
a property of muscle cells.
contractility
is the tendency for living things to attempt to maintain a state of relative stability.
homeostasis
increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal is called
hypertrophy
is increase in size
growth
an increase in the size of a structure due to an increase in the number of cells is callled
hyperplasia
a decrease in size from normal is called
atrophy
failure of a tissue or organ to develope is called
aplasia
incomplete development or defective development of a tissue or organ is called
hypoplasia
implies the ability to produce more cells or more organisms that are essentially the same as the original.
reproduction
the process of taking dissoloved materials or water through the cell membrane into the substance of the cell
absorption
absorption can be:
passive process and active process
dependent on the forces of diffusion and osmosis
passive process
requiring the expenditure of energy from adenosine triphosphate…
active process
extracellular materialsmay enter a cell.
endocytosis
if a large amount of particulate material is endocytosed by ameboid movements of a cell, the process is more specifically termed…
phagocytosis
and cells capable of taking in large amounts of material are called…
phagocytes
are specialized membrane vesicles that contain enzymes, also produced within the cell.
lysosomes
most type of cells are capable of endocytosing small amounts of fluid containing dissolved particles. This type of endocytosis is termed…
pinocytosis
refers to the sum total of the physical and biochemical reactions occuring in each cell and therefore in the entire animal.
metabolism
reactions that build and maintain cellular components are called
anabolic
those that breakdown cellular components or constituents are called
catabolic
The secretion of products synthesized by the cell into the extracellular fluid (ECF) that surrounds the cells occurs by… (essentially the opposite of endocytosis)
exocytosis
also called excitability
irritability
the property of being able to react to a stimulus.
irritability
the property of transmitting an electrical impulse from one point in the cell to another.
conductivity
the ability to shorten in one direction.
contractility
are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
animal cells
the basic unit of life
cell
the contents of a cell are called
protoplasm
the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell.
cell membrane
the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles located
cytoplasm
a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. Where microtubules are made.
centrosome
a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus
golgi apparatus
round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes.
lysosome
the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
nuclear membrane
spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleulos.
nucleus
small organelles composed of rna-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.
ribosome
a vast system of interconnected, membranous, enfolded and convuled sacks that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
a vast system of interconnected, membranous, enfolded and convulated tubes that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside the cell.
vacuoles
each cell is about ______% of water
60-65%
is by far the largest constituent of protoplasm, which is largely a colloidal suspension in..
water
the largest constituent of protoplasm. Are complexhigh-molecular weight colloidal molecules…
protein
a small chain of amino acids is called…
peptide
the simple proteins, and examples of each are as follows:
- Albumins (plasma albumin, milk lactalbumin)
- Globulins (plasma globulins, globulins in plant seeds)
- Protamines (in sperm cells)
- Histones (with nucleoproteins in cell nuclei)
- Albuminoids (collagen and elastin of connective tissue)
reactive proteins include:
enzymes, protein hormones, histones, and contractile proteins.
most proteins can be classified as:
structural proteins or as reactive proteins.
consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…
lipids
are chains of covalently bound carbon atoms with hydrogen attached.
fatty acids
if each carbon atom has four single covalent bonds, the fatty acid is…
saturated
if any carbon atom has fewer than four single covalent bonds the fatty acid is…
unsaturated
derived from fatty acids are produced by a variety of cells throughout
prostaglandins and leukotrienes
consist of a glycerole molecule with three fatty acids attached.
triglycerides
This detachment is the function of enzymes known as
lipases
for transport, they are combined with other lipids and proteins into relatively large particles known as
lipoproteins
are similar to triglycerides except that a molecule containing a phosphate group has replaced one of the three fatty acids.
phospholipids
are lipids in which the carbon atoms are connected in ring structures.
steroids
is a steroid, and most of the steroids found in animals are…
cholesterol
are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
carbohydrates
is a source of cell energy
glucose
the enzymatic pathway that metabolizes glucose to produce energy is…
glycolysis
the sugar deoxyribose is found in combination with a base and a phosphate, forming…
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
the carrier of all genetic information from generation to generation and from cell to cell
DNA
includes the sugar ribose combined with a base and a phosphate.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
an any molecular substance that in solution dissociates into its electrically charged components called IONS
electrolyte
the division of somatic cells to produce two daughter cells, includes the duplication of genetic material for each daughter cell.
mitosis
the period between active cell divisions is the…
interphase
the first of the active phases, is characterized by condensation of chromatin into twisted filamentous
prophase
microtubules become organized and arranged in fan shape, radiating outward from the centrioles…
mitotic spindle
the period when the nuclear envelope and nucleolus totally disappear.
metaphase
the stage in which each centromere divides , separating the two chromatids
anaphase
begins when half of the chromosomes have been drawn by the microtubules to each pole of the cell. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of daughter chromosomes…
telophase
the division of the cytoplasm is called…
cytokinesis
differs from mitosis in a number of ways. It occurs during gametogenesis
meiosis
the formation of ova in the female
oogenesis
spermatozoa in male
spermatogenesis
