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1
Q

What nutrients are present in our food? What are their functions?

A

All living things need food to survive. Food contains nutrients which give us energy. help in the growth and repair of the body tissues. and keep us free from diseases.

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2
Q

Who was Alexis St. Martin and what did he contribute to the study of digestion?

A

He was a soldier who was shot in the stomach and survived. leaving a hole in his abdomen. An American doctor William Beaumont observed the inner workings of his stomach and found that the stomach dissolves food with help of fluids rather than grinding it mechanically.

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3
Q

What are the different processes involved in nutrition in animals?

A

They are ingestion. digestion. absorption. assimilation. and egestion.

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4
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The intake of food is called ingestion.

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breakdown of food into simpler form with help of digestive juices is called digestion.

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6
Q

What is absorption?

A

The process in which soluble substances produced during digestion of food are absorbed by body tissues is called absorption.

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7
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process of building complex substances using simple substances to get energy is called assimilation.

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8
Q

What is egestion?

A

The process of elimination of undigested food from body is called egestion.

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9
Q

What is the alimentary canal or digestive tract?

A

It is a long tube made up of several parts that starts from mouth and ends at anus. It is about 9-10m long in humans.

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10
Q

What are the parts of the human digestive system?

A

They are mouth. oesophagus (food pipe). stomach. small intestine. large intestine and anus.

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11
Q

What are the two parts of digestion?

A

They are mechanical and chemical digestion.

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12
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

It is the physical breakdown of food by chewing and churning of food (in the mouth).

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13
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

It is the breaking down of complex substances into simpler forms (in the stomach) by enzymes secreted by different organs.

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14
Q

What is the role of the mouth or buccal cavity in nutrition?

A

It is the part where most animals including humans take food inside their body through a process called ingestion.

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15
Q

What are the parts of the human digestive system?

A

They are mouth. salivary glands. esophagus. liver. gall bladder. stomach. pancreas. large intestine. small intestine. rectum and anus.

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16
Q

How long does it take for food to travel through the digestive tract?

A

It can range from 50 to 70 hours depending on the type of food eaten.

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17
Q

What is saliva and where is it produced?

A

Saliva is a digestive juice produced by the salivary glands present in our mouth underneath the back of our tongue.

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18
Q

What is the process of breaking down food into smaller pieces by teeth called?

A

It is called mastication.

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19
Q

How many teeth does an adult human have?

A

An adult human has 32 teeth.

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20
Q

What are the different types of teeth and what are their functions?

A

The different types of teeth are incisors. canines. premolars. and molars. Incisors cut food into bite-sized pieces, canines are sharp and pointed for tearing food, premolars and molars grind the food.

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21
Q

What is the scientific term for tooth decay or cavities?

A

It is dental caries.

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22
Q

What causes dental caries?

A

It is caused by bacteria in the mouth creating acids that eat away the tooth.

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23
Q

What is plaque and where is it formed?

A

Plaque is a yellowish sticky substance formed by the reaction of food particles. especially sugar and carbohydrates. with bacteria and saliva. It is formed on and between teeth. both above and below the gum line.

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24
Q

What happens when plaque is not removed?

A

It destroys the enamel layer of teeth and develops into cavities which enlarge over time. It can also harden into tartar and lead to pyorrhoea. a disease characterized by shiny bright-red swollen gums that bleed easily.

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25
Q

Why is it important to brush teeth twice a day?

A

It is important to brush teeth twice a day to avoid dental issues such as dental caries. plaque. tartar. and pyorrhoea.

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26
Q

What is the process of digestion that starts in the mouth?

A

It is the process of chewing food and breaking it down into smaller pieces by teeth (mechanical digestion) and saliva (chemical digestion).

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27
Q

What is the role of saliva in chemical digestion?

A

Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that converts carbohydrates into simple sugar particles.

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28
Q

What is an activity to observe the action of saliva on carbohydrates?

A

An activity is to chew a piece of bread and notice how it starts tasting sweet after some time.

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29
Q

What is the name of the organ that helps us detect different tastes?

A

It is the tongue.

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30
Q

What are the tiny bumps on the surface of the tongue called?

A

They are called taste buds.

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31
Q

How many kinds of taste buds are there and what are they?

A

There are four kinds of taste buds - salty. sweet. sour. and bitter.

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32
Q

What is the approximate amount of saliva produced by the body every day?

A

The body produces about one litre of saliva every day.

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33
Q

What is the main component of saliva?

A

Saliva is mainly composed of water (95 per cent).

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34
Q

What is the name of the flap-like structure that closes the opening of the windpipe while eating?

A

It is the epiglottis.

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35
Q

What is the name of the food pipe or the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach?

A

It is the oesophagus.

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36
Q

What is the name of the ball of food that is swallowed and reaches the oesophagus?

A

It is the bolus.

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37
Q

What is the name of the movement of muscles that pushes food down into the stomach?

A

It is peristalsis.

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38
Q

What are the two phases of peristalsis?

A

They are contraction and relaxation.

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39
Q

What is the shape and location of the stomach?

A

The stomach is a J-shaped structure located on the left side of the abdomen.

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40
Q

How long and wide is an average adult’s stomach?

A

An average adult’s stomach is about 12 inches long and 6 inches wide at its widest point.

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41
Q

What does the stomach muscle do?

A

The stomach muscle contracts to churn the food to mix it with digestive juice.

42
Q

What enzyme does the digestive juice in the stomach contain?

A

The digestive juice in the stomach contains the enzyme pepsin that helps in breaking down proteins into simpler forms.

43
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria present in swallowed food and some cells release mucus. which coats the stomach cells and protects them from acid.

44
Q

What happens to food in the stomach?

A

In the stomach. food is processed into a thick liquid called chyme before moving towards small intestine.

45
Q

How large is liver and what color it has?

A

The liver. weighing up to 3 kilograms in adult humans. is reddish-brown in colour.

46
Q

Where is liver located?

A

It’s located in upper part of abdomen. to right of stomatch. immediately below diaphragm.

47
Q

What color bile does liver produce ?

A

Liver produces yellowish-green coloured bile

48
Q

Where bile juice stored ?

A

Bile juice stored gall bladder

49
Q

How bile helps digestion ?

A

Bile helps neutralize acids from stomatch so digestion can continue. It mixes with fats to form small fat droplets which are then chemically broken down by enzymes produced by pancreas

50
Q

What is the small intestine and where is it located?

A

The small intestine is the longest portion of the digestive tract. more than six meters long. and is located in the middle of the abdomen.

51
Q

Why is the small intestine named so?

A

The small intestine is named so because of its small diameter. about half the diameter of the large intestine.

52
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place.

53
Q

What is the pancreas and where is it located?

A

The pancreas is an organ located between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine that secretes a number of enzymes which act on different nutrients and change them into simpler forms.

54
Q

What are the enzymes in the pancreatic juice and what do they do?

A

The enzymes in the pancreatic juice are pancreatic amylase. lipase. and trypsin. Pancreatic amylase converts starch into sugar. lipase converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol. and trypsin acts on proteins that were not digested in the stomach.

55
Q

What is the intestinal juice and what does it do?

A

The intestinal juice is released from the small intestine and contains another protein-digesting enzyme called erepsin. This enzyme completes the digestion of proteins into amino acids.

56
Q

What are villi and where are they found?

A

Villi are microscopic finger-like projections on the inner wall of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

57
Q

What is the structure of a villus?

A

A villus is a fold of the intestinal lining that contains many smaller folds called microvilli and small blood vessels.

58
Q

What is the function of villi?

A

Villi help in the absorption of digested food and water into the bloodstream. They also transport absorbed substances to different parts of the body where they are utilized to build proteins and other complex substances. a process called assimilation.

59
Q

What is the difference between normal and affected villi?

A

Normal villi have a large surface area and are able to absorb nutrients efficiently. Affected villi have a reduced surface area and are less able to absorb nutrients. leading to malnutrition and other health problems.

60
Q

What is the place of digestion where saliva is secreted?

A

The place of digestion where saliva is secreted is the mouth.

61
Q

What is the enzyme in saliva and what does it do?

A

The enzyme in saliva is salivary amylase and it changes starch to sugar (maltose).

62
Q

What are the secretions in the stomach and what are their functions?

A

The secretions in the stomach are digestive juices and hydrochloric acid. Digestive juices contain the enzyme pepsin that breaks proteins into smaller fragments called peptones. Hydrochloric acid kills bacteria in the food and activates pepsin.

63
Q

What are the glands and secretions in the small intestine and what are their functions?

A

The glands and secretions in the small intestine are the liver and the pancreas. The liver produces bile that breaks down fats. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice that contains enzymes such as pancreatic amylase. lipase. and trypsin. Pancreatic amylase changes starch into maltose. lipase changes fats into fatty acids and glycerol. and trypsin breaks down proteins into peptides.

64
Q

What is the intestinal gland and what does it do?

A

The intestinal gland is a group of cells in the lining of the small intestine that secrete intestinal juice.

65
Q

What is the intestinal juice and what does it do?

A

The intestinal juice is a fluid that contains enzymes and other substances that help in the final digestion and absorption of nutrients.

66
Q

What is Erepsin and what does it do?

A

Erepsin is an enzyme in the intestinal juice that breaks down peptides into Amino Acid .

67
Q

What is Maltase and what does it do?

A

Maltase is an enzyme in the intestinal juice that changes maltose into glucose.

68
Q

What is Lactase and what does it do?

A

Lactase is an enzyme in the intestinal juice that changes lactose into glucose and galactose.

69
Q

What is Sucrase and what does it do?

A

Sucrase is an enzyme in the intestinal juice that changes sucrose into glucose and fructose.

70
Q

What is the absorptive surface area of the small intestine?

A

The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is almost the size of a tennis court.

71
Q

How do we get energy from our digested food?

A

We get energy from our digested food when glucose. the simplest sugar obtained after digestion of carbohydrates. breaks down into carbon dioxide and water with the help of oxygen that we inhale.

72
Q

How long is the alimentary canal in human beings?

A

The alimentary canal in human beings is 9 meters long.

73
Q

What is the term for the breaking down of food with the help of teeth?

A

The term for the breaking down of food with the help of teeth is mastication.

74
Q

What is the enzyme in saliva that converts carbohydrates into simple sugar particles?

A

The enzyme in saliva that converts carbohydrates into simple sugar particles is salivary amylase.

75
Q

What is the longest portion of the digestive tract?

A

The longest portion of the digestive tract is the small intestine.

76
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Lipase converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

77
Q

What is the mixture of water and indigestible waste that remains after digestion?

A

The mixture of water and indigestible waste that remains after digestion is called faeces.

78
Q

What is the function of the colon in the digestive system?

A

The function of the colon is to absorb water and some remaining salts from the mixture of digested food and waste.

79
Q

What is the term for the removal of feces through the anus?

A

The term for the removal of feces through the anus is egestion.

80
Q

What are some tips to maintain a healthy digestive system?

A

Some tips to maintain a healthy digestive system are to eat healthily and eat moderately. slowly. and regularly.

81
Q

What are some creatures that live in the digestive systems of other animals?

A

Some creatures that live in the digestive systems of other animals are parasites such as tapeworms that live in the human intestine.

82
Q

What is the appendix and what problems can it cause?

A

The appendix is a tiny tube with a closed end that is part of the large intestine but does not seem to do anything. It can cause problems if it gets infected and then needs to be removed.

83
Q

What is heartburn and what causes it?

A

Heartburn is a discomfort or burning sensation caused in the chest due to the contents of the stomach travelling upwards into the gullet (lower part of the esophagus). It happens when the gullet cannot withstand the acid that irritates it when the acid from the stomach travels into it.

84
Q

What is belching and what causes it?

A

Belching is the release of air from the stomach through the mouth. It is caused by drinking carbonated drinks or swallowing air while eating.

85
Q

When is belching considered a sign of a medical condition?

A

Belching is considered a sign of a medical condition when it occurs more than three or four times after a meal. It may indicate an ulcer or other digestive problem.

86
Q

What is vomiting and what does it involve?

A

Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents from the mouth through the oesophagus. It involves contractions of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm.

87
Q

What is diarrhoea and what are its causes and effects?

A

Diarrhoea is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is usually a symptom of gastrointestinal infection caused by bacteria. virus. or parasites spreading through contaminated food. water. or poor hygiene. It leads to loss of fluids from the body. which may result in dehydration and even death. especially in young children.

88
Q

What are some key measures to prevent diarrhoea?

A

Some key measures to prevent diarrhoea are:access to safe drinking water.improved sanitation personal and food hygiene and. spread of education about how infections spread.

89
Q

What are some examples of grass-eating animals?

A

Some examples of grass-eating animals are cows. buffaloes. goats. and sheep.

90
Q

What is the term for the product of food digestion in grass eating animals ?

A

The term for the product of food digestion in ruminants is cud.

91
Q

What is the process of bringing back the cud into the mouth and chewing it further?

A

The process of bringing back the cud into the mouth and chewing it further is called chewing back or rumination.

92
Q

What is the name of the large sac-like structure where cellulose gets digested completely by symbiotic bacteria in ruminants?

A

The name of the large sac-like structure where cellulose gets digested completely by symbiotic bacteria in ruminants is caecum.

93
Q

What are some examples of ruminant animals?

A

Some examples of ruminant animals are cattle. sheep. goats. and deer.

94
Q

Why can’t humans digest grass?

A

Humans can’t digest grass because their digestive system lacks bacteria that help in the breakdown of cellulose.

95
Q

What is amoeba and where is it found?

A

Amoeba is a unicellular microorganism found in pond water and is the simplest living organism.

96
Q

How does amoeba digest food?

A

Amoeba digests food by using pseudopodia to engulf food particles into vacuoles where they are broken down into simpler substances by digestive juices.

97
Q

How does amoeba get rid of undigested food?

A

Amoeba gets rid of undigested food by throwing it outside the body through the vacuole.

98
Q

What is the name of the closed end of the large intestine?

A

The name of the closed end of the large intestine is the appendix.

99
Q

What is ORS and why is it given to a patient suffering from diarrhoea?

A

ORS is oral rehydration solution. a mixture of clean water. salt. and sugar that can be prepared easily at home. It is given to a patient suffering from diarrhoea to prevent dehydration and restore electrolyte balance.

100
Q

Where does the partial digestion of food occur in ruminants?

A

The partial digestion of food occurs in the rumen. the first chamber of the four-chambered stomach of ruminants.

101
Q

Can human beings digest cellulose?

A

No. human beings cannot digest cellulose because they lack the enzyme and bacteria that can break down this complex carbohydrate.

102
Q

How do pseudopodia help amoeba to capture food particles?

A

Pseudopodia are finger-like projections of the cell membrane and cytoplasm of amoeba that help it to capture food particles by engulfing them into vacuoles.

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