Animals Flashcards
cell
-basic membrane bound unit
- has the fundamental molecules of life
- is the thing that all living organisms are composed of
tissue
- group of cells that have similar structure that function together as a unit
organ
- collection of tissues that structurally form a unit that is specialized to perform a particular a particular function
system
- group of organs working together to perform a specific function
invertebrate
animals that don’t have a vertebrate
Vertebrate
- animals that have a vertebrate
what are animals
- heterotrophic
- multicellular
- eukaryotic
- lack of cell walls
- have muscle tissue
- mostly reproduce sexually
how did animals evolve
probably evolved from colonial, flagellated protists
what are the 3 types of body plan
- body symmetry (bilateral, radial, asymmetrical)
- extent of cell organization
- presence of a coelom
what is a colem
internal body cavity lined by mesoderm
radial symmetry
symmetry around a central axis
bilateral symmetry
symmetry in the middle making two identical halves
asymmetrical
no symmetry
segmentation
refers to the division of a body part into segments
level of cell organization
- atoms
- molecules
- cells
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
what are the layers of body tissue
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
how does the coelom form
-inside is the digestive tube
- next layer is endoderm
- mesoderm
- coelom
- mesoderm
ectoderm
Order of evolution in the Kingdom Animalia
- Phylum Porifera
- phylum Cnidaria
- phylum Platehelminthes
- Phylum Nematoda
- phylum annelida,
- phylum Mollusca
- phylum Echinodermata
- phylum Arthropoda
- phylum chordata
Phylum porifera example and body plan
- example: sponges
- sessile
- asymmetrical
- no tissue or organs
- just 3 types of cell surround spongocoel (epithelial, collar, and amoeboid cells)
sessile
do not move
what do amoeboid cells form
skeleton of calcium carbonate and silica
how do phylum porifera eat
- collar cells ingest
- amoeboid cells digest and distribute nutrients
how do phylum porifera breathe
- pores allow water to move in
- osculum moves water out
- flagella of collar cell maintain flow
- oxygen is absorbed
- wastes are removed
how do phylum porifera reproduce
- asexual: by budding
- sexual: sponges are hermaphrodites. they release egg & sperm in water
- fertilization is external
hermaphrodites
has both female and male reproductive organs
Phylum Cnidaria example and body plan
- example: hydra, jellyfish, corals
- radially symmetrical
- 2 layers: ectoderm and gastroderm which are separated by mesoglea
- have nematocysts that release toxins to paralyze prey
have basic muscle and nervous tissue
what is mesoglea
jelly-like material that forms a fluid skeleton
how do phylum cnidaria eat and breathe
- have a mouth that also functions as an anus
- a gastro-vascular cavity that helps in digestion, circulation, & gas exchange
- catch small organisms with their tentacles, paralyze them and take them into gastrovascular cavity
how do phylum cnidaria reproduce
- life cycle consists of two stages
- sessile polyp: can produce other polyp or medusae by budding
- free swimming medusae release egg or sperm
- external fertilization produces a free swimming planula that settles down to produce a polyp
examples and body plan of phylum platehelminthes
- also known as the flatworms
- examples: tapeworms, flukes
- bilaterally symmetrical
- basic digestive system, muscle & nervous tissue
flat but have 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm) - no coelom yet
characteristics of phylum platehelminthes
- live in fresh water and feed on small animals with their mouth
- parasitic worms
absorb food through their body wall - have a gastrovascular cavity
- no anus meaning waste is excreted from the mouth
- no coelom
parasitic worms
have suckers
- - suckers help them attach to the host
- are covered with a cuticle
- cuticle protects them from being digested
Phylum Nematoda
- known as round worms
- scavengers or parasites
- scavengers live in soil and bottoms of lakes
- have anus
- have a pseudocoelom
what is a pseudocelom
a body cavity not lined by mesoderm
- acts like a hydrostatic skeleton
benefits of phylum nematoda
used as - biological pesticides
- keep friendly bacteria in their intestines
examples and body plan of phylum annelida
- known as the segmented worms
- example: sandworms, earthworms and leeches
- bilaterally symmetrical
- have a coelomate
- body divided into segments
- segments are identical in structure, allow them to grow in size, and helps them move
- have a simple and complete digestive system
- breathe through there skin
characteristics of phylum annelida
- closed circulatory system with blood vessels
- 5 blood vessels surrounding esophagus are the 5 hearts
- are hermaphrodites but can’t fertilize themselves
- basic brain and basic kidneys
benefits of phylum annelida
leech therapy
vermiculture (worm poop)
examples and body plan of phylum mollusca
- example: slugs, squids, octopi
- bilaterally symmetrical
- body made up of foot, mantle and visceral mass
-no skeleton has a shell made of calcium carbonate (reduced to an internal rod in squids) - hemocoel is in a small space around the heart
- open circulatory system
- some blood runs through the vessels, rest is in sinuses (pools)
- have 3 chambered hearts (2 atria and 1 ventricle
what is the foot
muscular structure used for movement and feeding
what is the mantle
thin layer of tissue that covers the gills and secretes the calcium carbonate shell
what is the visceral mass
contains the digestive, respiratory, reproductive & excretory systems
example and characteristics of phylum echinodermata
- example: sea stars, sea urchins
- radial symmetry
- no cephalization
- slow moving
- endoskeleton made of calcium plates
- soft gills
- reproduce sexually
examples and characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
- example: all insects, butterflies
- segmented bodies (head, thorax, & abdomen
- exoskeleton made of chitin, rigid, hinders gas exchange and growth
- gills and trachea help with gas exchange
- molting is needed for growth
- hemocoel
- hemolymph which is insect blood
metamorphosis
change of shape & diet in life cycle
- only seen in class insecta in phylum arthropoda
what are one pair of legs per segment called
centipede
what are two pairs of legs per segment called
- millipede
key features of the chordates
- vertebrates
- hollow nerve chord (becomes spinal cord and brain)
dorsal supporting rod-like structure called notochord which becomes discs in vertebral column in humans - gill slits will become lungs
- two pairs of appendages
- a skull with a large brain
- 2 layered skin with many accessory structures (glands, scales, feathers, hair, horns etc.)
classification of the chordates
- early chordates were lancelets (look like fish) and tunicates (resemble sponges)
- now 7 classes
1. class agnatha
2. class Chondrichthyes
3. class Osteichthyes
4. amphibians
5. reptiles
6. brids
7. mammals
class agnatha
lampreys - external parasites (attach to larger fish with suckers and feed on blood and body fluids
hagfish - eat small worms and are scavengers
- lack paired appendages/fins
- have sucker for mouth
- breathe through gills
- have cartilaginous skeletons
class chondrichthyes
- example: sharks, rays
- 2 pairs of fins (pectoral and pelvic fins
- cartilaginous skeleton
what are the 3 types of sharks
- viviparous
- oviparous
- ovoviviparous
class osteichthyes
- young fish have cartilaginous skeleton; adults have bone skeleton
- can breathe without moving due to the operculum
- swim bladders suspend them in water
- fertilization is external
what is operculum
bony plate that covers the gills
- water enters through mouth over the gills
class amphibia
- example: frogs, toads
- evolutionary link between water and land
- eggs have no shell
- skin is very thin
- need moist environment
- metamorphosis
- larvae breathe through gills
- adults through lungs
- 3 chambered heart
- fertilization is both internal and external
class reptilia
- example: turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards
- terrestrial
- scaly skin (prevents gas exchange)
- turtle & tortoise have bony plates of amour
- breathe through lungs
- heat with 3 partially separated 3rd chamber
- eggs with hard shells
- some oviparous (turtles); some viviparous (snakes)
- fertilization is internal
which animals are ectotherms
- invertebrates
- fish
- amphibians
- reptiles
class birds
- endotherms
- feathers evolved from scales
- hollow bones to help with flight
- lungs connected to air sacs
- 4 chambered heart
- oviparous
- eggs have hard shells
- internal fertilization
class mammalia
- endotherms
- body covered in hair
- produce milk and feed young
- 4 chambered heart
- breathe through lungs
- internal fertilization
- divided into 3 groups based on how they give birth
what are the 3 grouped that Mammalia are divided into based on how they give birth
- monotremes
- marsupials
-placentals
class mammalia monotremes
- lay eggs
- only two species exist (platypus and spiny anteater)
class mammalia marsupials
- Examples: kangaroo, koala
- young are born at very early stage and finish development in mother’s pouch
class mammalia placentals
-examples: dogs, cats, humans
- incubate young in uterus until they are more developed
