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Animal management Level 3 > Animal Welfare and Breeding > Flashcards

Animal Welfare and Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

What is biological evolution?

A

Changes in the characteristics of living organisms over generations.

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2
Q

What was Aristotle’s theory of evolution?

A

Scala Naturae (The Great Chain of Being)- hierarchy of all non-living and living organisms with humans at the top being a pinnacle of perfection.

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3
Q

What was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

Believed that we all started as primitive worms and changed through ‘Acquired Characteristics’. E.g. If a giraffe reached for leaves its neck would grow longer and then generations would have longer necks due to stretching.

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4
Q

What is a con of Lamarck’s theory?

A

It can’t explain how simple organisms still exist as explains that everything all becomes complex.

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5
Q

What was Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Natural Selection

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6
Q

What is natural selection?

A

‘Survival of the fittest’ - Species most suited to their habitats survive to pass on genes to their offspring. Mutations in genes change the phenotype to something advantageous which aid survival.

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7
Q

How does a new species occur?

A

Geographical isolation or Reproductive isolation

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8
Q

What adaptations are there?

A

Structural- physical features
Behavioural- how it acts
Physiological- what it’s body does

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9
Q

What is mimicry?

A

When an animal resembles another creature or an inanimate object for defence or other advantages.

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10
Q

What is camouflage?

A

The art of not being seen- blending in with it’s environment to avoid predation.

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11
Q

What are some adaptations?

A

Chemical tolerant, cold tolerant, dry tolerant and heat tolerant.

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12
Q

What is extinction?

A

The end of an organism or a group of organisms

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13
Q

What species are at risk of extinction?

A

Ones that are poorly adapted to their environment and wont survive

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14
Q

What are some factors that could cause extinction?

A
  • Change in climate
  • New predators
  • New diseases
  • New competitors
  • Humans competing
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15
Q

What is a mass extinction?

A

When extinction rates rise suddenly for a relatively short time.

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16
Q

How many mass extinctions have there been?

A

5

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17
Q

What was the Ordovician-Silurian Mass extinction?

A

Mostly sea life, third biggest extinction.

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18
Q

What was the Late Devonian mass extinction?

A

Wiped out 3/4 of all species, shallow water species mostly affected.

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19
Q

What was the Permian mass extinction?

A

96% of all species died. All life on Earth has evolved from the remaining 4% of species that survived.

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20
Q

What was the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction?

A

Roughly half of species were affected.

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21
Q

What was the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction?

A

Most famous- wiped out all dinosaurs. Massive change in climate and an asteroid hit Mexico.
Small mammals survived

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22
Q

What is air pollution?

A

Contamination of the atmosphere that disturbs the natural composition and chemistry of the air.

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23
Q

What is land pollution?

A

Degradation of the Earth’s surface due to misuse of resources and improper disposal of waste

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24
Q

What is water pollution?

A

Any contamination that degrades water’s purity and quality.

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25
What is domestication?
Process of adapting animals and plants for human use.- permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage
26
What is a tame animal?
An animal that is relatively tolerant to the presence of humans- it's a behavioural modification
27
What is selective breeding?
The breeding of animals to suit our needs.
28
What is a genetic disorder?
An abnormality in the genetic make up of an organism
29
What are the three rules of good breeding to avoid inherited disease?
1. How a disease is inherited 2. How to identify the condition as soon as possible 3. Identify ways to recognise carriers of the disease
30
What is a breed predisposition?
When breeds of dogs and cats are prone to particular diseases or disorders
31
What are the issues with inbreeding?
Reduces genetic variation within the breed and tends to accentuate the presence of recessive genes which can cause health problems in the animals.
32
What is a population bottleneck?
When an desired individual is overused to gain it's traits for reasons such as: Males that can produce many fit offspring or desirable traits for competitions
33
What are the most genetic diseases of the dog caused by?
Autosomal recessive gene
34
What are some of the disorders or diseases that the Clumber Spaniel breed is prone to?
Musculoskeletal conditions, Mitochondrial Myopathy, Hip Dysplasia (2nd worst), ocular conditions and cataracts
35
What are some of the disorders or diseases that the German Shepherd breed is prone to?
Musculoskeletal conditions, elbow dysplasia, hip dysplasia (13th worst) and lumbosacral disease
36
What are the symptoms and signs of hip dysplasia?
Joint looseness and laxity, joint degeneration and osteoarthritis, decreased activity, difficulty rising, inability to jump or run, swaying gait, narrow stance in hind limbs, grating detected in hip movement, loss of muscle mass in thigh but increased mass in shoulders due to pressure being put on them
37
What are some of the disorders or diseases that the Maine Coon is prone to?
Cardiovascular conditions, hip dysplasia and musculoskeletal conditions
38
What is Progressive Retinal Atrophy?
Inherited disease of the retina in dogs where the rod cells in the eye are programmed to die, it occurs simultaneously in both eyes and is non painful. It is recessively inherited in most breeds.
39
What is one of the symptoms of Progressive Retinal Atrophy?
Because rod cells are responsible for vision in dim light, the dog may develop really poor vision at night. The dog may have an increased shine or glow from the eye.
40
What eventually causes the cone cells to die as part of PRA?
Excessive oxygen damage (oxidative damage)
41
What is epilepsy?
Neurological disorder causing sudden, uncontrollable and recurring seizures
42
Why might an animal have an epileptic seizure?
Trauma, exposure to toxins, brain tumours, genetic abnormalities or sometimes have no reason- idiopathic
43
What is collie eye anomaly?
It is a defect on chromosome 37 and is an inherited condition where most herding breeds lose their sight.
44
How are genetic diseases being tackled?
DNA tests are performed to see if a dog carries a genetic disease, these dogs are then not bred from
45
Who sets standards and monitors the breeding of dogs to prevent inherited genetic disease?
The Kennel Club Assured Breeder Scheme
46
What are teacup dogs?
Dogs that are specifically bred small in order to be smaller than a lap dog to fit in handbags etc
47
What is the issue with teacup dogs?
They have many health issues: their brains are too big for their skull, they have too many teeth in their mouth to close their mouths and cant give birth naturally.
48
What is captive breeding?
Breeding animals in controlled environments such as: zoos, wildlife reserves. Sometimes the process involves releasing the animals back into the wild once habitat or their health has been established.
49
What are the benefits of captive breeding programs?
Increase biodiversity and save species from extinction
50
What are some of the first beliefs towards animals in Christianity?
God created animals for humans to use as they wished | Humans have a soul and reason but animals don't.
51
What does Judaism teach?
Animals are part of God's creation and should be treated with compassion However, it is acceptable for an animal to be killed or harmed if it's the only way to fulfil a human's essential need.
52
What are Jews instructed to avoid?
Severing the limb of a live animal and eating it Killing a mother and a calf on the same day Muzzling an animal threshing corn Harnessing an ox and donkey together Hunting for sport Testing on animals if no benefit to humans and it causes suffering
53
What are the Jewish Slaughter rules?
Should only eat meat that has been killed in the approved way- schechita. They say it prevents pain and distress in the animal The slaughterer must be specially trained- schochet they must have licences
54
How does a Schochet slaughter an animal?
Using a sharp knife called a chalaf, they must perfectly severe the jugular vein, arteries, trachea and oesophagus. The neck structures must not be torn and the animal is allowed to bleed out. The meat must be checked to make sure it is kosher- animal did not suffer due to any abnormality in the way it was killed.
55
What does Islam teach about animals?
Treat with compassion and don't abuse them. Sacred animals include: bats, camels, birds, pigs- must not be eaten as is a omnivore. Dogs are seen to have impure saliva so many will not have dogs
56
What does Hinduism teach about animals?
Ahimsa- leads to animals being treated well, sacred cows can go wherever they like and will not be eaten, many Hindus are vegetarian. Ganesh is the god who is an elephant
57
What happens when animals are used in films?
The trend in having them as pets will spike.
58
What is the problem with releasing alien species into the wild?
They are non-native and pose a threat to native wildlife
59
What are the disadvantages of horse racing?
Horses regularly die on the track, horses are seen as replaceable, drugged up, often retired to slaughterhouses, made to race when too young.
60
What are the issues with greyhound racing?
Dirty kennels, destroyed, killed in abbatoirs, drowned and mutilated ears
61
How is an animal's welfare affected in a zoo?
On show, noise pollution, environmental pollution
62
Is using animals in circuses illegal in the UK?
NO
63
What animal did the Ancient Egyptians used to worship and why?
Cats- praised for controlling vermin and killing snakes such as cobra. They used to be mummified the same way as humans and offered to the Cat God Bast.
64
How did man come to domesticate dogs?
From the grey wolf, they would capture and attempt to tame the wolves with the most desirable traits and kill any aggressive wolves. The desirable wolves would then be mated o produce a wolf with a good temperament.
65
What are the chromosome layouts for a male?
XY
66
What are the chromosome layouts for a female?
XX
67
What are the main reasons for selective breeding?
Money, competitions, health, appearance, behaviour and temperament, conservation and yield
68
What are gun dogs selectively bred for?
Their soft mouth behaviour when picking up and retrieving game- usually retrievers, Labradors and spaniels.
69
What are the three main stages in beef production?
Cow-calf operations, backgrounding (forage feeding) and feedlot operations (intensive farming)
70
What are the five breeds of cow used for beef?
Angus, Hereford, Gelbvieh, Limousin and Simmental
71
What cow has been selectively bred to produce the highest yield of meat?
Belgiam Blue
72
What happens to female calves that are kept as replacement cows for a dairy herd?
If they are a substandard producer of milk they go to market and are slaughtered for beef.
73
What are the six breeds of cow used for dairy?
Aryshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holsetein-Fresian, Jersey and Milking Shorthorn
74
What is poultry farming?
Raising of domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of meat or eggs
75
What is an indoor broiler?
Meat chickens that are floor-raised on litter and live indoors in climate controlled housing
76
What are the disadvantages of indoor broiler methods?
Air can become highly polluted with ammonia from droppings, if not sorted can damage eyes and respiratory system and also cause hock burns. If they are bred for a fast growth rate they have a high rate of leg deformities, crippling and no space to move as isn't natural environment as cant avoid heat, cold or dirt.
77
What is a free range broiler?
Breeds grow more slowly and must have one square metre of outdoor space by law. They can perform natural behaviours such as: pecking, scratching and foraging.
78
What is an organic broiler?
Similar to free range bur with restrictions on the routine use of in feed or in water medications. They have a larger space allowance.
79
What age is a commercial hen when it begins laying?
16-20 week of age
80
What is an egg laying hen system?
Environmental conditions are controlled and mimic seasons so that there is increased egg production
81
What must a free range chicken have in order to be classed as free range?
``` Day time access to open air runs Suitable land with adequate drainage Suitable protection from winds Good ventilation Protection from predators ```
82
What is yarding?
Chicken and cows are raised together. Birds are released daily and they usually lay their eggs in the floor of the coop or in baskets provided by the farmer
83
What are battery cages?
Small cages made of metal housing 3-8 hens- eggs roll onto a conveyor belt and water is supplied by a overhead nipple system. They are cramped and overhoused.
84
What are enriched cages?
Cages that try to overcome the welfare issues of battery farming, they should have a specific size, have a nest, litter, perches, claw shortening device and a feed trough.

Animal management Level 3 (5 decks)

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