Animal feeding and nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What is nutrition?
A
Process of obtaining or providing the food necessary for health and growth
2
Q
What is a balanced diet?
A
A diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity
3
Q
What is a nutrient?
A
A component in foods that an organism needs to survive and grow. Some provide energy and some are essential for maintenance for the body
4
Q
What are the 7 nutrients?
A
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water and Fibre
5
Q
Where do we obtain vitamins and what are they used for?
A
Fruits and veg and fish oils
They allow the body to work efficiently e.g. Vitamin D helps the absorption of Vitamin C.
6
Q
Where do we obtain minerals and what are they used for?
A
Water, Bananas (K-) and Milk (Ca)
They allow reactions to work in the body and also strengthen bones and teeth.
7
Q
Where do we obtain carbohydrates and what are they used for?
A
Bread, pasta, grains, potatoes and rice.
They maintain blood glucose concentration and provide energy that is broken down
8
Q
Where do we obtain proteins and what are they used for?
A
Meat, fish, eggs, nuts and insects
They help with muscle repair and growth and also assist with making amino acids for cell building and DNA synthesis.
9
Q
Where do we obtain fibre and what is it used for?
A
Fruit and veg, bran and wheat
Allows smooth running of the digestive system and lowers blood cholesterol
10
Q
Where do we obtain water and what is it used for?
A
Food, milk and springs
Maintains hydration of cells and controls blood pressure
11
Q
Where do we obtain fats and what are they used for?
A
Nuts, oils, chocolate, fish, pastries and cheese
Insulation for the body, contains fatty acids and phosphorus for cell walls and protects vital organs
12
Q
What is Vitamin C used for?
A
Acts as an antioxidant and is involved in healing. Helps absorption of iron and functions body tissues.
Obtained from carrots, oranges, citrus fruits and potatoes
13
Q
What is Vitamin D used for?
A
Important in assisting the absorption of calcium and keeps bones healthy and also enhances the immune function
Obtained from fish, eggs, meats and sun
14
Q
What is Vitamin A used for?
A
Important for structure and functioning of skin and body lining and allows vision in dim light
Obtained from liver, whole milk, cheese, butter and mangoes
15
Q
What is Sodium important for?
A
Controls blood pressure and volume, muscles and CNS
Found in water, salt and milk
16
Q
What is Iron important for?
A
Helps in the production of red blood cells and the binding of oxygen in haemoglobin
Found in poultry, eggs(yolk), dried beans and fruit
17
Q
What is Potassium important for?
A
Proper functioning of all cells tissues and organs in the body. Electrolyte in the heart
Found in: bananas, meat, fish and brocilli
18
Q
What is Zinc important for?
A
Plays a role in cell division and growth, needed for the immune system and helps in senses
Found in: beef, legumes, nuts, pork and wholegrain products
19
Q
What is Fluoride important for?
A
Helps to reduce tooth decay
Found in water sources
20
Q
What are carbohydrates also known as?
A
Simple Sugars
21
Q
What is the bond between two monosaccharide?
A
Glycosidic
22
Q
What is released when two monosaccharide join together?
A
Water (hydrolysis)
23
Q
What is the chemical formula for Glucose?
A
C6 H12 O6
Glucose ring: CH2OH-O-OH-OH-OH-OH-OH
24
Q
What is a disaccharide?
A
Two monosaccharides together
25
What is a polysaccharide?
3 or more carbohydrates/monosaccharide joined together
26
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids
27
What is the bond between two amino acids?
Peptide bond
28
What is formed when two amino acids join together?
Dipeptide
29
What compound does only proteins contain in their structure?
Nitrogen
30
What are the two main groups in a protein structure?
Carboxyl group= contains a double bond
| R group= Determines the specific amino acid as is unique to each one
31
What does a fatty acid structure contain?
Carboxyl group
32
What compounds are ALL found in carbohydrates, proteins and fats?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
33
What is a carnivore?
Only eats meat
34
What is a herbivore?
Only eats veg matter
35
What is an omnivore?
Eats everything
36
What are canine teeth used for?
Spearing and ripping meat
37
What are molars used for?
Grinding up food
38
What are incisors used for?
Cutting up food
39
What is the mouth for in digestion?
Mechanical digestion where food enters the alimentary canal
40
What are the salivary glands for?
Produce saliva containing enzymes such as amylase to break down large food
41
What is oesophagus for?
A muscular tube that pushes food down into the stomach
42
What is the stomach for?
Muscular organ where digestion continues using hydrochloric acid and further digestive enzymes
43
What is the pancreas for?
Produces digestive enzymes
44
What is the liver for?
Produces bile
45
What is the gall bladder for?
Stores bile before releasing it into the duodenum
46
What is the small intestine for?
```
Duodenum= food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile
Ileum= digested food is absorbed into blood and lymph
```
47
What is the large intestine for?
```
Colon= Water is reabsorbed
Rectum= Where faeces are stored
```
48
What is the anus for?
Where faeces leave the alimentary canal
49
What are the four processes of food processing?
Eating- Digestion- Absorption- Egestion
50
What is mechanical digestion?
Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces so that it can be accessed by enzymes
51
What is chemical digestion?
Process of enzymes breaking down food into small molecules the body can use
52
Where is food absorbed?
Small intestine- movement of digested molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood
53
What features are needed to maximise absorption?
Thin walls and Large Surface Area
54
What are the four layers of specialised tissue that make up the gastrointestinal tract starting from the lumen?
Mucosa-Sub mucosa-Circular muscle- Longitudinal layer-Serosa
55
What is the Serosa?
Outermost layer of the intestine and is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid and a thin layer of connective tissue.
56
What is the Muscularis?
The longitudinal and circular muscle layers, they are responsible for peristalsis and gut movement. They are smooth muscle layers.
57
What is the Sub Mucosa?
Layer of loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying muscle.
58
What is the Mucosa?
Innermost tissue layer and is a mucous membrane which secretes digestive enzymes and hormones. The intestinal villi are part of the mucosa.
59
How are villi adapted for absorption?
Folded villi greatly increase surface area, thin layer of cells so short diffusion pathway and beneath them is an extensive blood capillary network to distribute the absorbed food molecules.
60
How do villi perform the absorption of food molecules?
The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen into these capillaries. The absorbed molecules are transported via the lymph in the blood vessels and taken to organs of the body to create complex substances.
61
What are there in the small intestine that help the flow of nutrients?
Mucosal ducts and glands that secrete mucus.
62
What is a monogastric system?
Organism with a simple stomach structure and only one compartment. E.g pigs, rabbits and humans
63
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Denatures proteins and prepares them to be broken down. Also activates Pepsin which breaks down and digests the denatured proteins.
64
What do herbivores have to help them digest plant material (cellulose)?
Enlarged Caecums
65
What does Amylase break down and where is it sourced from?
Starch into sugars and is produced by salivary glands
66
What does Protease break down and where is it sourced from?
Proteins into amino acids and is produced by stomach, pancreas and small intestine
67
What does Lipase break down and where is it sourced from?
Lipids into fatty acids and is produced by pancreas and small intestine
68
What is Hind gut fermentation?
Fermentation occurs in the digestive organs that follow the small intestine: large intestine and caecum.
69
What are hind gut fermenters?
Herbivores such as: one toed ungulates such as rhinos, zebras, tapirs. Bacteria aids digestion of cellulose
70
What is a ruminant?
Animals that have a multi-chambered digestive system (polygastric) that allows the animal to gain it's nutritional needs from its forage and roughage
71
What animals are examples of ruminants?
cows, goats, camels and antelope
72
What is the main feature of a ruminents dentition?
Large molars to chew regurgitated food, this helps breaking down food and produces more saliva to assist the rumen.
73
What is the oesophageal groove?
Present in newborn ruminents, it's the channel taking milk from the oesophagus to the abomasum.
74
What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?
Rumen-Reticulum-Omasum-Abomasum
75
What is the rumen's role?
The organ that allows for bacterial and chemical breakdown of fibre. Microbes in the rumen feed on forages ingested by the cow and they digest the food.
76
How does the cow and the microbes have a symbiotic relationship?
Food feeds the microbes and cow gets protein from microbes
77
What does the term 'chew the cud' mean?
Regurgitate their food material and then grind it with their molars
78
What is the reticulum's role?
honeycomb-like interior surface and helps to remove foreign material from food. Heavy foreign particles sink into the reticulum and stay there for life, could cause infection and hardware disease damage in the long term
79
What is hardware disease?
Caused by the ingestion of a sharp, metallic object and they settle in the reticulum and can pierce the lining.
80
What is the omasum?
Round and Muscular section that grinds the food material and prepares the food material for chemical breakdown.
81
What is the abomasum?
Where the majority of chemical breakdown occurs- mixes digestive enzymes such as: pepsin and bile
82
What four categories are feeds classified into?
Fresh, Dried, Tinned and Frozen
83
Which two categories is fresh feed separated into?
Forage and meat
84
What nutrient is forage high in?
Fibre
85
What does the Animal Welfare Act (2006) state about live feed?
A person commits an offence if the suffering of an animal is unnecessary. Basically live feed in the UK is illegal.
86
What are the risks of feeding your pet a raw diet?
Threats to human and animal health from the bacteria in raw meat. Diet may become unbalanced and bones could break teeth or cause an internal puncture
87
What three categories is dried food separated into?
Concentrated, complete foods and preserved forages
88
What is preserved forage made up of?
Hay, Haylage and Silage
89
What are types of concentrates?
Oats, Maize, Barley and Wheat
90
How can you tell a dried feed?
By the moisture content in the food
91
How do you work out which feed has more protein in?
Work out the dry matter: 100-Moisture
| Then Divide the protein content by dry matter.
92
How much protein should a dog have as a puppy?
28%
93
How much protein should an adult dog have?
18%
94
How much protein should a lactating dog have?
28%
95
How much fat should a puppy and lactating dog have?
17%
96
How much fat should an adult dog have?
9-15%
97
What Calcium and Phosphorus ratio should a adult dog have?
0.5-0.9:0.4-0.8
98
How much protein should a adult cat have?
25-30%
99
How much protein should a kitten have?
30%
100
What 3 substances should a cat have in its diet?
Tryptophan so it can convert it to Niacin
Beta Carotene to Vit A
Taurine
101
What do rabbits require in their diet?
Beta Carotene
102
What is fodder?
Foods or forages given to the animals rather than what they forage for themselves
103
What is a ration?
The quantity of food that is fed to an individual based on it's lifestyle conditions
104
What is biological value?
Measure of protein quality and tells you the amount of protein that is digested and used by the body
105
How do you work out the biological value?
Divide the amount retained by the amount absorbed
106
What processes is energy needed for in the body?
Breathing, Materials for repair, growth and reproduction, circulating the blood to tissues and cells, maintaining body temp, muscles movement and general health.
107
What is maintenance energy requirement? (MER)
Amount of energy an animal needs each day to maintain its body weight
108
What is resting energy requirement?(RER)
Amount of energy an animal needs each day at rest
109
How do you calculate MER?
RER X energy for exercise digestion and absorption
Dog= RER X 2
Cat= RER X 1.4
110
What are the main causes of nutritional diseases?
Too little feed, Deficiency in one or more nutrients, Forced production, Depleted Soils and confinement of animals
111
What is Osteomalacia (rickets)?
Due to incorrect calcium and phosphorus ratio and inadequate Vitamin D.
Symptoms include: lack of appetite, enlarged or stiff joints, bowed legs and weight loss
112
What are the treatments for rickets?
Mineral/vitamin supplements, balanced diet, direct sunlight and fertilised crops
113
What is stiff lamb disease?
Due to Vitamin E or Selenium deficiency
| Symptoms include: humped, stiff, inhalation pneumonia in lambs
114
What is night blindness?
Due to Vitamin A intake being too low
| Symptoms include: faulty night blindness, rough hair coat, severe scours and stunted growth.
115
Treatments for night blindness?
Vitamin A supplements and green pasture
116
What is Milk fever?
When an animal has low blood calcium concentration.
| Symptoms: Loss of appetite, constipation after calving, nervousness, head turned or twisted shoulders
117
What is anaemia?
When an animal has an iron or copper deficiency and can be caused by parasites
Symptoms: Loss of appetite, rough hair coat, pale membranes and swelling in head and shoulders
118
What are the treatments and preventions of anaemia?
Iron injections and making sure that young have a balanced feed.
119
What is goiter?
When an animal has the failure to obtain enough iodine from the thyroid gland.
Symptoms: Thyroid glands swell, reproductive failures and hairless pigs or weak foals
120
What are the treatments for goiter?
No treatment once symptoms appear. It can be prevented by feeding iodised salts
121
What is a toxicity disease?
When livestock have been poisoned by too much of a mineral.
122
What is selenium poisoning?
When cattle have eaten plants that have been grown on soil with high selenium
Symptoms: loss of tail hair, body hair and hooves slough off in horses
123
What are the treatments of selenium poisoning?
None but is prevented by continual pasture rotation.
124
What is Urinary Calculi (Water belly)?
When an animal has had too high intake of: potassium, calcium and low phosphorus ratio and high silica content.
Symptoms: frequent and painful attempts to urinate, usually seen only in males
125
What are the treatments for water belly?
Limited success but ammonium chloride and salt added to the diet and removal of alfalfa. Surgical removal.
Prevention: avoid high phosphorus or calcium diets and delayed castration.
126
What is nitrate poisoning?
When animals are fed high in nitrates or stressed plants.
| Symptoms: accelerated pulse and respiration, diarrhoea, frequent urination and blue mucous membranes
127
What are the treatments for nitrate poisoning?
Intravenous solution of methylene blue or sodium sulfate
128
What factors should be considered when establishing a feeding type?
- Animal morphology
- Feeding traits in the wild
- Digestive anatomy
- How much energy is required for an animal to maintain metabolism
- Solitary or social?
- Weight?
129
What is a heterotrophic organism?
An organism that has to find and collect it's food
130
What is an autotrophic organism?
An organism that produces it's own food and doesn't have to source it.
131
What is a feeding behaviour?
Any behaviour that helps an animal find food
132
What two categories are predators normally placed into?
Specialist or opportunist
133
What is a specialist predator?
Only eats one type of prey, spend lots of time resting and adapt well to captivity.
134
What is an opportunistic predator?
Kill anything they have the opportunity to catch and live very active lives, do not normally adapt well to captivity and require large enriched enclosures
135
What are scavengers?
They feed of unwanted carcasses so avoid the dangers of active killing. There food is usually of poor quality and may contain disease
136
What are grazers?(prey)
They extract their nutritional requirements from a mass of indigestible vegetable matter e.g, rabbits and cattle
137
What are browsers?(prey)
They seek appropriate vegetation from shrubs and trees e.g. elephants and giraffes
138
What are filter feeders?
They pass a current of water through their bodies from which they extract food. e.g. flamingos and basking sharks
139
What is enrichment?
- The design of stimulating and naturalistic enclosures
- The housing of appropriate social groups in zoos
- The introduction of objects, sounds, smells or other stimuli in an animals environment
