Animal Health and Husbandry Flashcards
1
Q
What are signs?
A
They are objective and indicate a medical fact or characteristic that can be observed. e.g. high blood pressure or heart rate
2
Q
What are symptoms?
A
They are subjective and can only be felt by the animal e.g. fatigue, abdominal pain.
3
Q
What are physical checks?
A
The condition of the body checks that are visible such as: weight, behaviour, injuries and gait
4
Q
What are clinical checks?
A
Signs that are not visible and are related to a clinical condition. These checks include: Heart rate and pulse Respiratory rate Temperature- rectally is most accurate
5
Q
What are the three thermometers used?
A
Mercury, digital and laser
6
Q
What must you ensure when taking temperature rectally?
A
You only insert the tip and at a upwards angle so you’re not taking temperature of the faeces
7
Q
What is the normal pulse for a dog?
A
70-180 bpm. Larger dog=slower pulse
8
Q
What is the normal pulse for a cat?
A
120-240 bpm
9
Q
What is sinus arrhythmia?
A
When the pulse of a animal is faster on inspiration and slower on expiration
10
Q
Why do smaller animals have a higher weight specific metabolic rate?
A
As they have higher oxygen requirements per unit of tissue but don’t have the large hearts to match this. So the heart of the smaller animal must increase cardiac output to meet oxygen and metabolic demands and increase heart rate.
11
Q
What is the normal resting respiratory rate for dogs and cats?
A
24-42
12
Q
What is capillary refill time?
A
Time taken for colour to return to an external capillary bed after pressure is applied to cause blanching.
13
Q
How can capillary refill time be measured in an animal?
A
Recording time once pressure is released for colour to return on the sternum or the gums
14
Q
What could a prolonged capillary refill time mean?
A
Shock or dehydration
15
Q
Why in felines having an issue with fur be a sign of ill health?
A
As they are such good self groomers
16
Q
What is dysecdysis?
A
When a reptile is unable to shed completely
17
Q
What techniques can be used to help a reptile complete a shed?
A
Soaking or misting the animal, increasing the room’s humidity and providing a moisture box
18
Q
What do deep red membranes indicate?
A
Fever
19
Q
What do pale membranes indicate?
A
Anaemia
20
Q
What do yellow membranes indicate?
A
Jaundice or liver disorders
21
Q
What do blue-red membranes indicate?
A
Circulatory problems or pneumonia
22
Q
What is gait?
A
A pattern of limb actions that an animal uses repetitively during locomotion
23
Q
What would a score 1 be on a poo chart?
A
Very hard and dry and would require a lot of effort to expel from the body. Usually seen in pellet form.
24
Q
What would a score 7 be on the poo chart?
A
Very watery and has no texture and occurs as puddles.
25
What are the 5 animal welfare needs?
Need for a suitable environment, need for a suitable diet, need to be able to exhibit normal behaviour patterns, need to be housed with or apart from other animals and need to be protected from pain, suffering injury and disease.
26
What is a body condition score?
Scores the animal's body condition based on physical appearance. 1-5.
1= Very thin, underweight. 5= Obese
27
Why must you start from the head-tail during a health check?
So that you don't spread any faeces or bacteria to the mouth or eyes.
28
What are the aims and purpose of The Welfare of Animals at Market Order act (1993)?
To ensure a high standard of welfare for all animals passing through market including: penning, food and water, care of young and unfit animals that are injured or suffering. It reinforces general animal welfare provisions and ensures they are not caused any injury or unnecessary suffering. Makes people responsible for safeguarding their animals.
29
What is the aim and purpose of the Veterinary Surgeons Act (1996)?
To regulate the effective management of the veterinary profession, including: monitoring the registration of veterinary surgeons and practitioners, regulating their professional education and conduct and suspending or cancelling their registration as required for misconduct or malpractice
30
What is the aim and purpose of the Animal Welfare Act (2006)?
To improve the welfare of animals and impose greater responsibility on their carers and provide greater investigation and entry powers for police to deal with offences. Places a duty of care on owners to ensure they take reasonable steps to meet the 5 welfare needs for their animals.
31
What is the aim and purpose of the Welfare of Farmed Animals Regulations (2007)?
To set minimum welfare standards for all farm animals and preserve the requirements of existing secondary farm animal welfare legislation and to extend scope to include livestock kept on common land.
32
What is the aim and purpose of the Welfare of Animals regulations (1999) (Killing or slaughter)?
To regulate the handling of animals to prevent suffering during the slaughter process. Includes: Preslaughter handling facilities minimising stress, trained caring personnel, appropriate equipment and an effective process which induces immediate unconsciousness. To outline the requirements for a humane and painless death.
33
What is the aim and purpose of the Welfare of Animals Transport order (2006)?
To provide animal welfare through raising transportation standards and providing protection through live transport.
34
What is a bacteria?
A single celled prokaryote which exist in abundance in living hosts. They need nutrients to grow and replicate but can wait in a dormant state until they have the nutrients they need.
35
What types of bacteria are there?
Cocci, Bacilli, Vibrios, Spirilla and Spirochaetes
36
What is a virus?
Genetic material in a strong coat of protein, they must have a living host to live and grow. Once inside a host they replicate quickly and the cells burst and infect others around it.
37
What is rabies?
A virus that targets brain and CNS and is spread by saliva. It multiplies in the body and spreads to nerve endings.
38
What are the symptoms of rabies?
Fever, loss of appetite, constant growling, attempting to bite most things and foaming at the mouth. It is fatal unless early treatment.
39
Who are recommended to have the rabies vaccine?
Lab workers who handle the virus, People handling bats, people travelling to a rabies risk country for one month plus, people working abroad in close contact to animals.
40
What is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus? (FIV)
A virus that affects cat worldwide where they can be symptomless for years but then infection usually leads to a state of immune deficiency where the cat can't protect itself from other infection. Spread through bites.
41
What are the symptoms of FIV?
Enlarged lymph nodes, fever, anaemia, weight loss, wounds that don't heal, behaviour change.
Can be vaccinated against.
42
What is 'Snuffles'?
A severe respiratory illness caused by bacteria usually seen in rabbits.
43
What are the symptoms and treatment of Snuffles?
Symptoms: sinusitis, conjunctivitis, ear infection.
Prevention: suitable diet that prevents dental disease and suitable clean housing and ventilation
Treatment: Antibiotics
44
What three types of tuberculosis are there?
Bovine, human and avian.
45
What is Bovine TB?
Chronic infectious disease that is spread by exhaled air, faeces, direct contact and particles
46
What are the symptoms of TB?
Cattle getting thinner, light fever, weak, swollen lymph nodes, moist cough and chronic mastitis.
47
What is a metabolic disease>?
When abnormal chemical reactions in your body disrupt your normal metabolism.
48
What can diabetes in dogs be caused by?
-Lack of insulin -Inadequate response to insulin -autoimmune disease -genetics -obesity -chronic pancreatitis
49
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
Change in appetite, excessive thirst, weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting and sweet smelling breath.
50
What is scurvy?
A metabolic disease caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C as guinea pigs cant produce their own so must obtain it from their diet.
51
What are the signs of scurvy?
Lethargy, loss of weight, diarrhoea, eye and nose discharge, rough coat, poor flesh condition and tenderness to touch.
Treatment: injections of Vit C or supplement
52
What is a protozoa?
Single celled organism that live in a variety of moist habitats like: fresh water, marine environments and soil. Some are parasitic and move by having cilia, flagella and amoeboid movement.
53
What are the 4 groups of protozoa?
Sprorozoa, flagellates, amoebae and ciliates
54
What is Piroplasmosis?
Caused by protozoan parasites and affects most equids. Ticks ingest infected blood cells of the animal and the protozoa from zygotes in the ticks body. The infection spreads through the whole tick including salivary glands so when the tick next bites a horse it transmits the protozoa.
55
What is fungi?
Occur widespread in the environment and include mould on stale food and mushrooms. Fungi must grow on organic material to feed such as animals and people.
56
What is ringworm?
A fungal infection which causes an accumulation on surface skin cells which may be patchy or circular.
57
What causes ringworm?
If the animal already has a low immunity then they are more likely to develop a fungal infection like ringworm.
58
What is an ectoparasite?
Live on surface of the host and respiration is usually aerobic.
59
What is an endoparasite?
Live in the body of the host and generally permanent. Respiration is usually anaerobic.
60
What are fleas?
An ectoparasite that feed on the blood of an animal that can cause them to become weak or frail. It causes severe itching if the animal is allergic to the fleas saliva.
61
What are the signs of fleas?
Itchiness, bald patches, flea dirt (dried blood) and eggs.
62
What are lice?
Ectoparasites that are small wingless insects that spend all their lives on the animal and are passed by direct contact with other infected animals or fomites.
63
What are the different types of mite?
Ear, mange, demodex
64
What is sarcoptic mange?
When mites bury under the skin of an animal and lay eggs and are transmitted by other infected animals.
65
What are ticks?
Ectoparasite that carry diseases such as lymes disease. They attach themselves to the animal in order to feed off their blood.
66
What are roundworms?
Endoparasite that free float in the intestine of the animal. An animal can become infected by:
- Consuming an infective worm egg from soil
- Nursing from an infected mother
- Consuming prey that was infected
- During embryonic development
67
What are hook worms?
Small reddish brown endoparasite which live in the small intestine of an animal, they hang on to the wall by their teeth. It sucks the blood from the animals intestine.
68
How does the immune system work?
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a pathogen, leading to an enhanced response if encountering the pathogen again. This is normally acquired by a vaccination.
69
What is the innate immune system?
The first line of defence which is non specific such as: skin, stomach acid, mucous and saliva.
70
What are the five types of white blood cell?
Monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocytes and neutrophils.
71
What happens when the immune response is triggered?
Antigens recognise that there are foreign microbes in the body, they stimulate the immune system to attack with antigens. Macrophages digest most of the microbes but carry the antigens back to the lymph nodes. They then regurgitate the antigen and display them on surfaces on other cells so lymphocytes can recognise them.
Lymphocytes then take over and T cells kill human cells that have already been infected and B cells make and secrete antibodies.
After the body eliminates the disease some of the T and B cells are converted into memory cells
72
What is direct contact transmission?
Requires physical contact between an infected person and another person and the physical transfer of microorganisms.
73
What is indirect contact transmission?
This is where a person is infected by a contaminated surface or fomites.
74
What is droplet contact?
Where disease is transferred by infected droplets of the nose, eyes or mouth. By coughing, sneezing or talking
75
What is airborne transmission?
Where droplets or dust particles can survive suspended in the air for long periods of time. e.g. TB, chickenpox and measles
76
What is vector borne transmission?
Where an infected organism such as: lice, mites, fleas, ticks and dogs will transmit the disease.
77
What is zoonosis?
Infectious diseases of animals that can be naturally transmitted to humans.
78
What is zooanthroponosis?
When humans infect animals
79
What are some zoonotic diseases?
Ebola virus, leprosy, ringworm, salmonella, campylobacter, cat scratch fever, leptospirosis, lymes disease, toxoplasmosis.
80
What is a notifiable disease?
A disease that is required by law to be reported to government authority. It allows the prevention of mass outbreaks and loss of many livestock
81
What is an endemic disease?
already present in the UK.
82
What is an exotic disease?
Not normally present in the Uk
83
What are some notifiable diseases?
Rabies, avian flu, swine flu, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, TB, blue tongue
84
What is biosecurity?
Procedures or measures designed to protect the population against harmful biological or biochemical substances.
85
What are the factors that zoos must consider when managing biosecurity?
-location and layout -source of water supply -source of food supply -method of waste management -disease status of collection animals -animal movements and transactions -movement of staff, visitors, contractors and deliveries
86
What are the main zoo biosecurity practices?
- Preventative medicine programs
- Inspections
- Isolation and quarantine of sick animals
- Veterinary investigation of sick or dead animals
- Control of pests
- Hygiene procedures of staff
- Maintained facilities|
- Control of drainage
87
What are inputs?
Any human, animal, biological or non biological product that enters the zoo and they should all be assessed for their biosecurity risk.
Examples: Animals, feed, biological specimens, vehicles and tools, people, air and water supply
88
What are some examples of day to day biosecurity?
Foot dips, gloves, overalls.
89
What vaccinations must dogs be given?
Parvovirus, distemper, parainfluenza virus, hepatitis, kennel cough and leptospirosis.
90
What are vaccinations that cats must be given?
Feline parvovirus, Herpesvirus, Chlamydophilosis and leukaemia virus
91
What vaccinations do rabbits need?
Myxomatosis and rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease
92
What are horses vaccinated against?
Tetanus and equine influenza
93
What are the main features of an animal health record?
Name, Species (latin name), Sex, Features, Age, Microchip number, Date, Time, Weight, Previous History such as vaccinations or allergies, Current medications, Behaviour, Overall health status, Diet, Appetite, Urination and faeces, exercise, veterinary treatment
94
What are the reasons for moving animals?
-Changes in enclosure -exercise -sale of animal -veterinary care -temporary removal for cleaning -animals used for encounters
95
When transporting an animal what must you ensure you have?
Necessary paperwork, Licence if necessary, correct equipment, food and water, correct time of day.
96
What are the types of preventative treatments?
Vaccines, Flea treatment, worming, trimming nails, beaks and claws, dental care, grooming, bathing and neutering
97
What is topical administration?
Application to body surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes, come in ranges such as: creams, foams, gels, lotions and ointments. e.g. flea treatment
98
What is enteral administration?
Involves the oesophagus, stomach, intestines and GI. Usually administered orally or rectally. e.g. wormer
99
What is parenteral administration?
Means any non-oral treatment but usually means injecting directly into the skin. e.g. vaccine
100
What would you do if an animal starting having convulsions?
Don't panic, note time of seizure and dogs activities prior, if convulsion is mild try getting dogs attention, take to vet.
101
What would you do if an animal was in shock?
Restrain dog, stop any blood loss, clear airways, prevent loss of body heat and take to vet.
102
What would you do if the animal had burns or scalds?
Cool the burnt area with a gentle stream of cold water in a bath or shower, once cooled apply a cold compression and call vet.
Chemical burns: Wear gloves and remove collar, use water to cool the burn, ensure not to spread the chemicals, use a shampoo to clean area, use a non stick bandage and call vet.
Electrical burns: Check for signs of shock, apply a clean dry dressing, wrap dressing with vet wrap and take to vet.
103
What would you do if an animal had been bitten or stung?
Perform ABC, look out for allergies, any difficulty breathing or swelling, remove sting if present using cardboard, cool the area, keep an eye on dog and contact vet if any changes.
Bitten by a dog: Do ABC, place pressure on bleeding area, add a bandage and change regularly and keep clean by bathing in salt water. Contact vet if blood loss is major.
104
What to do if an animal was poisoned?
Contact vet, make a note of source of poison, ensure pet is in a safe place away from poison, if dog is not breathing perform CPR. Take to vets immediately
105
What to do if an animal was choking?
Restrain dog remove anything from round its neck, open mouth and remove foreign body with tweezers don't use fingers, if your dog has collapsed perform the Heimlich manoeuvre on the way tot he vets.
106
What to do if an animal had an haemmorage?
Restrain dog, slip leash round neck and round an object, muzzle dog, cover wound with sterile gauze pad, tie something round bandage to keep in place. Get to vet.
107
What should be in a first aid kit?
Bandages, cotton wool, sterile dressings, adhesive tape, rectal thermometer, tweezers, gloves, scissors, hand sanitizer, eye wash, poultice, vet details, carrier bag and blanket.
108
What should be considered in an animal's accommodation?
Welfare requirements, maintenance, environmental factors and accommodation plans
