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Biology Pt 2 > Animal Tissues, Organs and Systems > Flashcards

Animal Tissues, Organs and Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion.

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2
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary gland in the digestive system?

A

To release enzymes to break down large insoluble food molecules into small soluble food molecules.

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3
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system?

A
  • Produces hydrochloric acid - which kills any bacteria present
  • Provides the optimum (acidic) pH for the protease enzyme to function.
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4
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

The site where soluble food molecules and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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5
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder) which:
- emulsifies lipids
- allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently.

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6
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces.

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7
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalysts

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8
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?

A

To speed up the rate of reactions (the breakdown of food) without being used up.

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9
Q

How does the shape of an enzyme affect its function?

A

Enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate.

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10
Q

What is metabolism? (NN)

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or an organism.

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11
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function?

A

The shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary, so can bind together to form an enzyme-substrate complex.

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12
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme action? Why?

A

Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action; as molecules have a higher kinetic energy. Above a certain temperature, the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes denatured (so it can no longer catalyse the reaction).

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13
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity?

A

The optimum temperature is around 37°.

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14
Q

What is the optimum pH for enzyme activity? (2)

A

The optimum pH for most enzymes is 7 (apart from proteases in the stomach).

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15
Q

How does pH affect enzyme function? (1)

A

If the pH is too extreme, the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work.

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16
Q

Where are carbohydrases, proteases and lipases produced in the body?

A

● Carbohydrase: salivary gland, pancreas (amylase), and small intestine (maltase).
● Protease: stomach (pepsin), pancreas, and small intestine (others).
● Lipase: pancreas and small intestine.

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17
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases in the digestive system?

A

Carbohydrases (amylase) breaks down starch into glucose.

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18
Q

What is the role of proteases in the digestive system?

A

Proteases break down proteins into amino acids.

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19
Q

What is the role of lipases in the digestive system?

A

Lipases break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

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20
Q

Where is bile made and stored in the body?

A

Bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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21
Q

What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

A

● Bile is an alkaline substance which neutralises the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach.
● Bile emulsifies lipids to form smaller droplets - this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on more efficiently.

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22
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system? (2)

A

Carries oxygen and other useful substances to bodily tissues, and removes waste substances.

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24
Q

How does the double circulatory system work?

A

● One pathway carries (deoxygenated) blood from the heart to the lungs - where the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
● One pathway carries (oxygenated) blood from the heart to the tissues.

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25
Q

Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go?

A

The lungs

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26
Q

Where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go?

A

Around the body (tissues).

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27
Q

Why is the double circulatory system important and how?

A

It makes the circulatory system more efficient; the pressure of the blood stays quite high (higher in the left ventricle) so it can flow faster around the body.

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28
Q

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called?

A

4 - right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

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29
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

A

The left ventricle has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body.

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30
Q

What are the four main blood vessels associated with the heart?

A

● Aorta (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
● Pulmonary vein (left) - carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
● Vena cava (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
● Pulmonary artery (right) - carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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31
Q

What is the purpose of valves in the heart?

A

Prevent the backflow of blood.

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32
Q

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

A

Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.

33
Q

Describe the process of blood flow through the heart.

A

● Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, and the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
● Pressure builds up in the atria and it contracts, forcing blood into the ventricles and causing valves to shut.
● After the ventricles contract, blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body).

34
Q

What is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate?

A

70 beats per minute

35
Q

How is the heart rate controlled? (2)

A

Heart rates are controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker. They release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract.

36
Q

How can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated? (2

A

Irregular heart rhythms can be treated using an artificial pacemaker, which sends out electrical signals to correct the heart’s rhythm.

37
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel in the body?

A

● Arteries
● Veins
● Capillaries

38
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart.

39
Q

How are arteries adapted for their function? (2)

A

● Thick muscle layer adds strength to resist high pressure.
● Thick elastic layer allows arteries to stretch during and recoil in between surges of blood, keeping the blood moving.

40
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

To carry blood towards the heart.

41
Q

How are veins adapted for their function? (2)

A

● Wide lumen maintains low pressure
● Valves to prevent backflow of blood

42
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

To enable the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues.

43
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function? (3)

A

● One cell thick walls providing a short diffusion path.
● Permeable walls allows substances to diffuse across.
● Narrow lumen causes slow blood flow leaving more time
for diffusion.

44
Q

How would you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

45
Q

Where are the lungs found in the body? (2)

A

The lungs are located in the thorax (within the chest) and are separated from the rest of the abdomen by the diaphragm.

46
Q

What is the function of the ribcage?

A

To protect the ribcage.

47
Q

What tissues make up the gas exchange system? (7)

A

● Mouth and nose
● Trachea
● Bronchi
● Bronchioles
● Alveoli
● Intercostal muscles
● Diaphragm

48
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated through inflation by the action of intercostal muscles.

A

● Intercostal muscles contract
● Ribcage moves upwards and outwards
● Diaphragm contracts (flattens) and volume of the chest increases
● Increased volume results in decreased pressure
● Air is drawn into lungs down pressure gradient.

49
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated through exhalation by the action of intercostal muscles.

A

● Intercostal muscles relax
● Ribcage moves downwards and inwards
● Diaphragm relaxes (dome-shaped) and volume of the chest decreases
● Decreased volume results in increased pressure
● Air is drawn out of the lungs down pressure gradient.

50
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli. (2)

A

● Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillary bloodstream down its concentration gradient.
● Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into the alveoli down its concentration gradient.

51
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange
(3).

A

● Small and arranged in clusters - larger surface area.
● Rich blood supply - maintains concentration gradient.
● Thin alveolar wall - short diffusion pathway.

52
Q

How would you calculate the breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths / number of minutes

53
Q

What substance carries the different components of blood around the body?

A

Plasma

54
Q

What substances are transported by plasma? (6)

A

● Red blood cells
● White blood cells
● Platelets
● Carbon dioxide
● Urea
● Products of digestion

55
Q

What is plasma?

A

A yellow liquid within blood that transports substances around the body.

56
Q

What is the purpose of red blood cells in blood?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

57
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function? (3)

A

● Biconcave shape - increased surface area to volume ratio.
● No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin to bind to oxygen.
● Contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen

58
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells in blood?

A

They form part of the immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens.

59
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function? (4)

A

● Have a nucleus - contains DNA which codes for proteins
● Can produce antibodies
● Can produce antitoxins
● Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

60
Q

What is the purpose of platelets in blood?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound.

61
Q

Why is the function of platelets important?

A

● Platelets aid in the process of blood clotting (conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin). As a result, red blood cells are trapped in the fibrin network, forming a clot which prevents excessive bleeding. Scab formation (after the clot has dried) prevents bacteria from entering the wound.

62
Q

What is coronary heart disease and what may it result to?

A

Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a buildup of fatty material; This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death.

63
Q

What is a stent and how does it work?

A

A stent is a metal mesh tube that is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open; The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is later removed to allow blood to flow freely.

64
Q

What are the advantages of stents?

A

● Insertion can be carried out without general anaesthetic
● Quick recovery time
● Lower the risk of a heart attack

65
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A

● Risk of postoperative infection
● Risk of blood clots at site of stent

66
Q

What are statins? (N?)

A

Statins are drugs which reduce the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol which contributes to the development of coronary heart disease.

67
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A

● Reduce risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart
attacks
● Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol

68
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A

● Have to be taken continuously
● May have side effects
● Effect may not be immediate

69
Q

What is a heart bypass surgery?

A

A surgery where blocked coronary arteries are replaced with sections of veins taken from other parts of the body.

70
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. Patients may become breathless and die as a result.

71
Q

What types of valves can replace leaky valves?

A

● Mechanical - made of metal or polymers
● Biological - taken from animals (pigs,
sometimes humans)

72
Q

What are the advantages of mechanical valves?

A

● Last for a very long time

73
Q

What are the disadvantages of mechanical valves?

A

Disadvantages
● Need to take medication to prevent blood
clotting around valve

74
Q

What are the advantages of biological valves?

A

● Work very well - no medication required.

75
Q

What are the disadvantages of biological valves?

A

● Only lasts 12-15 years

76
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart?

A

Artificial hearts are intended to support a patient’s heart while they wait for a suitable donor heart.

77
Q

What are the advantages of artificial hearts?

A

● Less likely to be rejected by immune system
● Allows damaged heart to rest to help recovery

78
Q

What are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A

● Risk of infection due to surgery
● Risk of blood clots
● Have to take blood-thinning drugs

Biology Pt 2 (8 decks)

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