Animal Tissues, Organs And Organ Systems Flashcards
What is the digestive system
Digestive system is an organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
Describe the structure, function and optimum conditions for enzymes
Function - they are biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions within cells
Structure - they include an active site which is where the substrate binds to
Optimum conditions - temperature, Ph level, substrate concentration
Define denaturation
If enzymes are exposed to extremes of pH or high temperatures the shape of their active site may change. If this happens then the substrate will no longer fit into the enzymes.
Recall the sites of production and the action of amylase, proteases and lipases.
Amylase - produced in salivary glands and pancreas. Amylase breaks down starch and glycogen into sugars
Protease - produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine. Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids
Lipase - produced in the pancreas and stomach. Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
What do enzymes do
They break down large food molecules into smaller molecules so they can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream
State that the products of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
Amylase, lipase, protease
Recall where bile is made and stored and its pH and function
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, its Ph is between 7 to 8.6. Bile emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid
State conditions that increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.
Optimum temperature, ph
What is the heart and its functions
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
Name the major blood vessels
Artery
Vein
Capillary
Describe the structure of the lungs
There are two lungs and a bronchus leads into each one. Each Bronchus splits into hundreds of smaller tubes, called bronchioles. Each bronchiole leads into tiny air sacs called an alveoli
Explain natural and artificial pacemakers
Natural pacemakers are groups of specialised cells in the heart that generate electrical impulses.
Artificial pacemakers are a medical device implanted in the chest that regulates the hearts rhythm
Name the three ditferent types of blood vessel and explain how the structure of these vessels relates to their functions.
Artery - thick outer wall, thick inner wall, narrow lumen, transports oxygenated blood away from heart at a high pressure
Vein - thin outer wall, thin inner wall, wide lumen, transports blood towards the heart at low pressure
Capillaries - links arteries and vein, they are 1 cell thick
Describe the components of blood and who they are adapted to function
Red blood cells - oxygen binds to haemoglobin to become oxyhemoglobin
White blood cells - protects you from infections and viruses
Plasma - hormones, CO2, water
Platelets - clots your blood
Describe coronary heart disease: a non-communicable disease
Coronary heart disease CHD is a non-communicable disease which is where fatty deposits build up in the coronary artery’s. It reduces blood flow to the heart. It can lead to chest pain and heart attacks
State that health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing.
Health is the state of physical, metal, and social well-being and the absence of disease
Know defects in the immune system mean that an individualis more likely to sufter from infectious disease
Genetic mutations
Immune system Disorders
Metabolic disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities
What can happen when the immune system notices a pathogen
When the immune system notices a pathogen it can cause allergy’s like rashes and asthma, and will transport white blood cells to the place of the pathogen
What can severe illness cause Mentally
It can lead to depression and other metal illnesses
Explain the effect of lifestyle on some non-communicable diseases and that they can be caused by and their increased by the interaction of a number of factors.
Diet
Physical exercise
Smoking
Alcohol
Stress
Sleep
Know lifestyle risk factors for various types of cancer
smoking
obesity
common viruses
UV exposure
Radiation exposure
Describe the food test for lipids
Add Sudan III solution to the food, if the food turned red or orange it contains lipids
Describe the food test for protein
Add biuret reagent to the food, if the food contains protein it will turn purple
Describe the food test for stach
Add iodine solution, if the food contains starch it will turn blue-black
Describe the food test for sugars
Add Benedict’s solution and heat for a few minutes, if the food contains sugar it will turn red-brown
What are the different heart treatment devises
Stents, statins, valve replacement, heart transplant
Advantages of stents, statins, valve replacement, and heart transport
Stent - Effective for a long period of time, Short recovery time, Useful when drugs are not effective for a patient
Statins - reduces amount of cholesterol in bloodstream
Valve - if mechanical it lasts a long time, if biological they don’t need medication
Heart - can be lifesaving
Disadvantages of stents, statins, valve replacement, and heart transport
Stents - Surgery will required, Risk of infection during surgery, Stent slightly increases the chance of getting a blood clot
Statins - muscle pain and headaches, liver failure and kidney damage, Need to take continuously
Valve - take meds if mechanical, could cause blood clots, risk of rejection
Heart transplant - risk of rejection, need meds,
