Organisation Flashcards
What is the digestive system
Digestive system is an organ system where several organs work together to digest and absorb food.
Describe the structure, function and optimum conditions for enzymes
Function - they are biological catalysts which speed up chemical reactions within cells
Structure - they include an active site which is where the substrate binds to
Optimum conditions - temperature 37c and Ph level 7
Define denaturation
If enzymes are exposed to extremes of pH or high temperatures the shape of their active site may change. If this happens then the substrate will no longer fit into the enzymes.
Recall the sites of production and the action of amylase, proteases and lipases.
Carbohydrase - produced in salivary glands and pancreas. Carbohydrase breaks down carbohydrates/glycogen into simple sugars
Protease - produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine. Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids
Lipase - produced in the pancreas and stomach. Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
What do digestive enzymes do
They break down large food molecules into smaller molecules so they can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream
Recall where bile is made and stored and its pH and function
Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, its Ph is between 7 to 8.6. Bile emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acid
State conditions that increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase.
Optimum temperature, ph
What is the heart and its functions
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
Describe the structure of the lungs
There are two lungs and a bronchus leads into each one. The trachea splits into 2 Bronchus which splits into hundreds of smaller tubes, called bronchioles. Each bronchiole leads into tiny air sacs called an alveoli
Explain natural and artificial pacemakers
Natural pacemakers are groups of specialised cells in the heart that generate electrical impulses to regulate heart rate and correct irregularities
Artificial pacemakers are a medical device implanted in the chest that regulates the hearts rhythm
Name the three ditferent types of blood vessel and explain how the structure of these vessels relates to their functions.
Artery - thick outer wall, thick inner wall, narrow lumen, transports oxygenated blood away from heart at a high pressure
Vein - thin outer wall, thin inner wall, wide lumen, transports blood towards the heart at low pressure
Capillaries - links arteries and vein, they are 1 cell thick
Describe the components of blood and who they are adapted to function
Red blood cells - oxygen binds to haemoglobin to become oxyhemoglobin
White blood cells - protects you from infections and viruses
Plasma - hormones, CO2, water
Platelets - clots your blood
Describe coronary heart disease: a non-communicable disease
Coronary heart disease CHD is a non-communicable disease which is where fatty deposits build up in the coronary artery’s. It reduces blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart . It can lead to chest pain and heart attacks
What is the definition of health
Health is the state of physical, metal, and social well-being and the absence of disease
Know defects in the immune system mean that a person more likely to sufter from infectious disease
Genetic mutations
Immune system Disorders
Metabolic disorders
Chromosomal abnormalities
What can happen when the immune system notices a pathogen
When the immune system notices a pathogen it can cause allergy’s like rashes and asthma, and will transport white blood cells to the place of the pathogen
What can severe illness cause Mentally
It can lead to depression and other metal illnesses
What are some risk factors that are linked to an increased rate of a disease
Diet, smoking and exercise - cardiovascular disease
Obesity - type 2 diabetes
Alcohol - liver and brain function
Smoking - lung disease/cancer
Describe the food test for lipids
Add Sudan III solution to the food, if the food turned red or orange it contains lipids
Describe the food test for protein
Add biuret reagent to the food, if the food contains protein it will turn purple
Describe the food test for stach
Add iodine solution, if the food contains starch it will turn blue-black
Describe the food test for sugars
Add Benedict’s solution and heat for a few minutes, if the food contains sugar it will turn red-brown
What are the different heart treatment devises and how does they help
Stents -
statins -
valve replacement -
heart transplant -
Advantages of stents, statins, valve replacement, and heart transport
Stent - Effective for a long period of time, Short recovery time, Useful when drugs are not effective for a patient
Statins - reduces amount of cholesterol in bloodstream
Valve - if mechanical it lasts a long time, if biological they don’t need medication
Heart - can be lifesaving
Disadvantages of stents, statins, valve replacement, and heart transport
Stents - Surgery will required, Risk of infection during surgery, Stent slightly increases the chance of getting a blood clot
Statins - muscle pain and headaches, liver failure and kidney damage, Need to take continuously
Valve - take meds if mechanical, could cause blood clots, risk of rejection
Heart transplant - risk of rejection, need meds,
What is the definition of a cell, tissue, organs, organ system
Cell - basic building blocks of all living organisms
Tissue - a group of cells with a similar structure and function
Organs - group of tissue performing specific functions
Organ systems - group of organs working together to form an organism
Describe the lock and key model to explain enzyme action
How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange
What is the definition of cancer
Result of changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and devision
What is the difference between a communicable and a non-communicable disease
What is transpiration in plants and how is it measured
What are factors that effect the rate of transpiration and why does they effect it
Describe the process of transpiration and translocation
Describe the structure and function of the root hair cell, phloem, xylem, and the stomata (+guard cells around)
What is a benign tumour
Growth of abnormal cells which are contained in 1 area, usually within a membrane. They don’t invade other parts of the body
What is a malignant tumour
Malignant tumour cells are cancer. They invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body where they form secondary tumours
What are lifestyle risks for some cancer
What are genetic risks for some cancers
What does the epidermal tissue do and describe its structure
What does the palisade mesophyll do and describe its structure
What does the spongy mesophyll do and describe its structure
What does the meristem tissue do and describe its structure
