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Medical Biotechnology Exam 2 > Animal Science in Biotech > Flashcards

Animal Science in Biotech Flashcards

1
Q

Humans began domesticating animals more than _____ years ago beginning with what type of animals?

A

10,000 years ago beginning with dogs

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2
Q

Define examples of Ruminants

A

Cattle, Sheep, Goats, and Pigs

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3
Q

What 3 ruminants were the first food animals to be domesticated

A

Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

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4
Q

Which 2 animals were domesticated for transportation and draft work purposes?

A

Horses and Cattle

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5
Q

Animals are considered “DOMESTICATED” when what? (4 answers)

A
  • they are kept for a distinct purpose
  • humans control their breeding
  • their survival depends on humans
  • they develop traits that are not found in the wild
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6
Q

Origin of Carnivores: Describe Miacids (Miacidae family)

A
  • 62 million years ago
  • Small, tree-dwelling
  • Plantigrade (walking on the soles)
  • Carnassial teeth (for meat eating)
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7
Q

Traditional Phylogeny of Cats and Dogs

A

 Phylum – Animalia
 Class – Mammalia
 Order – Carnivora
 Suborder – Fissipedia
 Families (Dog) – Canidae
 Genus (Dog) – Canis
 Species (Dog) – Canis familiaris
 Families (Cat) – Felidae
 Genus (Cat)– Felis
 Species (Cat) – Felis catus

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8
Q

Explain the Origin of Cats in terms of Viverines and Miacines

A
  • 30 million years ago
  • Large prehistoric cats (Smilodon)
  • Dinictis (Saber tooth Cats)
  • Modern Cat
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9
Q

Domestic Cats and some relatives have how many chromosome number?

A

38 chromosome number

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10
Q

Most cats have how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

19 pairs for a total of 38 chromosomes

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11
Q

Provide two reasons why Cats were domesticated

A
  • Utilitarian (catch mice)
  • Spiritual (Deity)
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12
Q

Canis familiaris was domesticated from the wolf how many years ago? Where did this domestication occur?

A

15,000 years ago in East Asia

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13
Q

Togo/Balto journey was significant for the transport of diptheria antitoxin by dog sled relay over how many km?

A

1,000 km!!!

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14
Q

Which animal was domesticated first?

A

Cattle (10,000-15,000 years ago)

Sheep is a second contender with 11,000-15,000 years ago

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15
Q

Invention of Chicken Nugget

A
  • Keeping ground meat together (grounding with salt & vinegar to dehydrate)
  • Keeping batter attached to the
    meat (powdered milk + pulverized grains, coating them in an eggy batter and
    cornflake crumbs
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16
Q

What are the Top Producing States of BEEF

A
  1. Texas
  2. Kansas
  3. Nebraska
  4. Oklahoma
  5. California
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17
Q

What are the Top Producing States of DAIRY

A
  1. California
  2. Wisconsin
  3. New York
  4. Pennsylvania
  5. Michigan
  6. Idaho
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18
Q

What are the Top Producing States of SHEEP

A
  1. Texas
  2. California
  3. Wyoming
  4. Colorado
  5. South Dakota
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19
Q

Feral Hogs in US a pest explained

A
  • 1890, Austin Corbin imported 13
    Eurasian hogs from German to New
    Hampshire for game hunting
  • Escaped Eurasian hogs bred with local
    S. scrofa population
  • Hybrid hogs adapts to extreme
    temperatures and spread quickly
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20
Q

Top Producing States of Swine

A
  1. Iowa
  2. North Carolina
  3. Michigan
  4. Illinois
  5. Indiana
21
Q

Top producing states of Layers (egg laying chickens)

A
  1. California
  2. Ohio
  3. Indiana
  4. Pennsylvania
  5. Iowa
22
Q

Top producing states of Broilers (chickens used for meat)

A
  1. Arkansas
  2. Georgia
  3. Alabama
  4. North Carolina
  5. Mississippi
23
Q

Explain Animal Models and medical breakthroughs in the past century by using animals

A
  • Many genetic and physiological similarities
    exist between animals and humans
  • Research using animals has been the key to most medical breakthroughs in the past
    century
    • Polio vaccine
    • Dialysis
    • Cataract surgery
24
Q

Which animals are most commonly utilized, especially in biomedical research

A

Purebred mice and rats

25
Dogs, monkeys, chimpanzees, cats make up what percent of total number of research animals?
Less than 1%
26
Explain the Regulation of Animal Research
- Federal Animal Welfare Act set standards regarding the housing, feeding, cleanliness, and medical care of research animals - To receive funding from the NIH, the FDA, or the CDC, researchers must follow standards of care set out in The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals - Formulated by the National Academy of Sciences
27
Explain Retrovirus-mediated transgenics
* Infecting mouse embryos with retroviruses before the embryos are implanted * Size of transgene (transferred genetic material) is limited
28
Explain Pronuclear microinjection
* Introduces the transgene DNA at the earliest possible stage of development of the zygote * DNA is injected directly into nucleus of egg or sperm
29
Explain Knockouts: A special Case of Transgenics
– Mice that have been genetically engineered so that a specific gene is disrupted – DNA is modified and added to the embryonic stem cells, where it recombines with the existing gene on a chromosome * Called homologous recombination – Modified ES cells are introduced into normal embryo and embryo is implanted into a mother
30
Being able to study knock out animals will provide new insights into human diseases SUCH AS
diabetes, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy
31
How can we produce Human Antibodies in Animals
- Mouse or rat inoculated with the antigen (Ag) to which an antibody is desired – Spleen harvested after an immune response is produced – Spleen cells are fused with a specialized myeloma cell line that no longer produces an antibody of its own * Myeloma is an antibody-secreting tumor - The resulting hybridoma (fused cells) grows continuously and rapidly like the tumor and produces the antibody specified by the spleen cells
32
Mabs used to treat?
Cancer, Heart disease, and Transplant rejection
33
What are some limitations to cloning?
– Donor cell must come from a living organism – Clones are not exactly identical * Shaped by experiences and environments – Present success rate is quite low * Dolly was result of 277 efforts * Carbon Copy (Cc) was only success out of 87 implanted clone embryos – Clones may be old before their time * Shortened telomeres
34
What are some strategies to De-Extinct the Mammoth?
1. In vitro fertilization from frozen woolly mammoth sample w/ the Asian elephant as the surrogate 2. Cloning from a frozen cell nucleus and plant the egg in utero of Asian elephant meaning it will give birth to a wooly mammoth 3. Cloning from sequenced mammoth genome
35
Gene therapy in humans presents some formidable problems including what?
- If you could introduce the gene in early development (e.g., eggs? or blastocyst) might could cure (or partially cure) many diseases - How to fix them later, as a child, adolescent, adult, etc.? - Transgenic technology + stem cell technology = many interesting possibilities
36
Explain some hybrid animals such as between Lions and Tigers
- Liger = Lion(male) + Tiger (female) - Tigon = Tiger (male) + Lion (female)
37
Explain some differences between Human and Chimpanzee
- Brain weight: 1,352g vs 352g - Neural connection: 86B vs 7B - MHY16 gene: enlarged brain at a cost - FOXP2 gene: vocal language
38
What is so impressive about Zebrafish?
- House large number in small spaces due to small size - 3 months between generations - Embryogenesis is complete in 120 hours!
39
Zebrafish are IDEAL for studies of development and for genetic research because of what 3 features?
- Rapid growth - Embryo is visible inside the egg - Easy to transfer genes into the egg – do not need donor mother
40
Are mice superior to rats for early drug toxicity tests?
NO! Rats are superior because - have more human like responses to drugs - larger size facilitates surgical and physiological experimentation - more toxicological data has been collected so better understood
41
Not really typical for exam, but what use Transgenic plants and Animals?
1. Study gene function and regulation 2. Generate new organismic tools for other fields of research 3. Cure genetic diseases 4. Improve agriculture and related raw materials. 5. Generate new systems or sources for bioengineered drugs
42
What does GLP-1 Analog Drugs do?
- Stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release - Reduce food intake - Inhibit inappropriate glucagon release after a meal
43
GLP-1 Analogs are developed from which two species?
1. Angler Fish 2. Monitor Lizard
44
Why are transgenic mice the organism of choice for mammalian genetic engineers?
- small - hardy - short life cycles - genetics possible - Many useful strains and tools
45
What are some of the regulations of Animal Research?
- Federal Animal Welfare Act set standards regarding the housing, feeding, cleanliness, and medical care of research animals – To receive funding from the NIH, the FDA, or the CDC, researchers must follow standards of care set out in The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals * Formulated by the National Academy of Sciences
46
What is the history of domestic cats
- Cat goddess worshipped in ancient Egypt approx. 4500 years ago - Cat mummies found - Domestic cats likely moved to Italy and other parts of Europe as a result of trade
47
What is the chromosome number of the following Canidae family? - Arctic Fox - Coyote - Dingo - Domestic dog - Grey wolf - Red wolf - Wolf
- Arctic Fox: 48 - Coyote: 78 - Dingo: 78 - Domestic dog: 78 - Grey wolf: 66 - Red wolf: 78 - Wolf: 78
48
Explain Dingos
- Derived from domestic dogs - Came to Australia 5000 ya
49
What are the 4 criteria to determine origin of domestic dog?
1. physical/skeletal similarities 2. ability to intermate - produce fertile offspring 3. similarity of chromosomes 4. gene homology

Medical Biotechnology Exam 2 (13 decks)

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