Animal Science in Biotech Flashcards
Humans began domesticating animals more than _____ years ago beginning with what type of animals?
10,000 years ago beginning with dogs
Define examples of Ruminants
Cattle, Sheep, Goats, and Pigs
What 3 ruminants were the first food animals to be domesticated
Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
Which 2 animals were domesticated for transportation and draft work purposes?
Horses and Cattle
Animals are considered “DOMESTICATED” when what? (4 answers)
- they are kept for a distinct purpose
- humans control their breeding
- their survival depends on humans
- they develop traits that are not found in the wild
Origin of Carnivores: Describe Miacids (Miacidae family)
- 62 million years ago
- Small, tree-dwelling
- Plantigrade (walking on the soles)
- Carnassial teeth (for meat eating)
Traditional Phylogeny of Cats and Dogs
Phylum – Animalia
Class – Mammalia
Order – Carnivora
Suborder – Fissipedia
Families (Dog) – Canidae
Genus (Dog) – Canis
Species (Dog) – Canis familiaris
Families (Cat) – Felidae
Genus (Cat)– Felis
Species (Cat) – Felis catus
Explain the Origin of Cats in terms of Viverines and Miacines
- 30 million years ago
- Large prehistoric cats (Smilodon)
- Dinictis (Saber tooth Cats)
- Modern Cat
Domestic Cats and some relatives have how many chromosome number?
38 chromosome number
Most cats have how many pairs of chromosomes?
19 pairs for a total of 38 chromosomes
Provide two reasons why Cats were domesticated
- Utilitarian (catch mice)
- Spiritual (Deity)
Make slides from slide 12-23
Make slides from slide 12-23
Canis familiaris was domesticated from the wolf how many years ago? Where did this domestication occur?
15,000 years ago in East Asia
Togo/Balto journey was significant for the transport of diptheria antitoxin by dog sled relay over how many km?
1,000 km!!!
Which animal was domesticated first?
Cattle (10,000-15,000 years ago)
Sheep is a second contender with 11,000-15,000 years ago
Invention of Chicken Nugget
- Keeping ground meat together (grounding with salt & vinegar to dehydrate)
- Keeping batter attached to the
meat (powdered milk + pulverized grains, coating them in an eggy batter and
cornflake crumbs
What are the Top Producing States of BEEF
- Texas
- Kansas
- Nebraska
- Oklahoma
- California
What are the Top Producing States of DAIRY
- California
- Wisconsin
- New York
- Pennsylvania
- Michigan
- Idaho
What are the Top Producing States of SHEEP
- Texas
- California
- Wyoming
- Colorado
- South Dakota
Feral Hogs in US a pest explained
- 1890, Austin Corbin imported 13
Eurasian hogs from German to New
Hampshire for game hunting - Escaped Eurasian hogs bred with local
S. scrofa population - Hybrid hogs adapts to extreme
temperatures and spread quickly
Top Producing States of Swine
- Iowa
- North Carolina
- Michigan
- Illinois
- Indiana
Top producing states of Layers (egg laying chickens)
- California
- Ohio
- Indiana
- Pennsylvania
- Iowa
Top producing states of Broilers (chickens used for meat)
- Arkansas
- Georgia
- Alabama
- North Carolina
- Mississippi
Explain Animal Models and medical breakthroughs in the past century by using animals
- Many genetic and physiological similarities
exist between animals and humans - Research using animals has been the key to most medical breakthroughs in the past
century- Polio vaccine
- Dialysis
- Cataract surgery
Which animals are most commonly utilized, especially in biomedical research
Purebred mice and rats
Dogs, monkeys, chimpanzees, cats make
up what percent of total number of
research animals?
Less than 1%
Make slides for 41-49
Make slides for 41-49
Explain the Regulation of Animal Research
- Federal Animal Welfare Act set standards
regarding the housing, feeding, cleanliness, and medical care of research animals - To receive funding from the NIH, the FDA, or the CDC, researchers must follow standards of care set out in The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
- Formulated by the National Academy of Sciences
Explain Retrovirus-mediated transgenics
- Infecting mouse embryos with
retroviruses before the embryos
are implanted - Size of transgene (transferred
genetic material) is limited
Explain Pronuclear microinjection
- Introduces the transgene DNA at the earliest possible stage of development of the zygote
- DNA is injected directly into nucleus of egg or sperm
Explain Knockouts: A special Case of Transgenics
– Mice that have been genetically engineered so that a specific gene is disrupted
– DNA is modified and added to the
embryonic stem cells, where it recombines
with the existing gene on a chromosome
* Called homologous recombination
– Modified ES cells are introduced into normal embryo and embryo is implanted into a mother
Being able to study knock out animals
will provide new insights into human
diseases SUCH AS
diabetes, cystic fibrosis, muscular
dystrophy
How can we produce Human Antibodies in Animals
- Mouse or rat inoculated with the antigen
(Ag) to which an antibody is desired
– Spleen harvested after an immune response
is produced
– Spleen cells are fused with a specialized
myeloma cell line that no longer produces
an antibody of its own - Myeloma is an antibody-secreting tumor
- The resulting hybridoma (fused cells) grows continuously and rapidly like the tumor and produces the antibody specified by the spleen cells
Mabs used to treat?
Cancer, Heart disease, and Transplant rejection
What are some limitations to cloning?
– Donor cell must come from a living
organism
– Clones are not exactly identical
* Shaped by experiences and environments
– Present success rate is quite low
* Dolly was result of 277 efforts
* Carbon Copy (Cc) was only success out of 87 implanted clone embryos
– Clones may be old before their time
* Shortened telomeres
What are some strategies to De-Extinct the Mammoth?
- In vitro fertilization from frozen woolly mammoth sample w/ the Asian elephant as the surrogate
- Cloning from a frozen cell nucleus and plant the egg in utero of Asian elephant meaning it will give birth to a wooly mammoth
- Cloning from sequenced mammoth genome
Gene therapy in humans presents some formidable problems including what?
- If you could introduce the gene in early development (e.g., eggs? or blastocyst) might could cure (or partially cure) many diseases
- How to fix them later, as a child, adolescent, adult, etc.?
- Transgenic technology + stem cell technology = many interesting possibilities
Explain some hybrid animals such as between Lions and Tigers
- Liger = Lion(male) + Tiger (female)
- Tigon = Tiger (male) + Lion (female)
Explain some differences between Human and Chimpanzee
- Brain weight: 1,352g vs 352g
- Neural connection: 86B vs 7B
- MHY16 gene: enlarged brain at a cost
- FOXP2 gene: vocal language
