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Biology > Animal Responses > Flashcards

Animal Responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the somatic nervous system include

A

Sensory neurones
Motor neurones
Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system include

A

Motor neurones
internal organs

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3
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

Prepares the body for action

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4
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

Returns the body to rest

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5
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the sympathetic system

A

Noradrenaline

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6
Q

what neurotransmitter is used in the parasympathetic system

A

Acetylcholine

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Self-governing and responsible for many homeostatic mechanisms

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8
Q

3 examples of effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Increased heart rate
Pupil dilation
Increased ventilation rate

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9
Q

3 examples of effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Decreased heart rate
Pupil constriction
Decreased ventilation

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10
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum

A

Controls voluntary actions such as thought, vision and speech

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11
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination

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12
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

Controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and breathing

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13
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland

A

Responsible for regulating many body functions, controlling the activity if other glands

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A

Control centre that monitors blood and helps maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

What is a reflex action

A

Response to a stimuli without a conscious decision

Conscious parts of the brain not involved

Faster and protective response

Involves 3 neurones

Relay neurone is in the CNS

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16
Q

Explain the knee-jerk reflex

A

Spinal reflex
Only 2 neurones involved
No relay neurone so cant be inhibited
Very fast
Helps with movement and balance

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17
Q

Explain the blinking reflex

A

3 neurones involved

Relay neurone in the brain

Can be inhibited

Prevents eye damage

18
Q

What is the location and function of the stretch receptors

A

Found in muscles and detect movement in muscles

19
Q

what is the location and function of chemoreceptors

A

Found in carotid artery, aorta and medulla oblongata and detect changes in pH

20
Q

What is the location and function of the barorecptors

A

Found in carotid artery and aorta

Detects changes in blood pressure

21
Q

How does the nervous control decrease heart rate

A
22
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

23
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A

Myogenic
Cylindrical
Branched
Striated
Intercalated discs separate cells
One nucleus
Do not fatigue

24
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary
Spindle shaped
Not branched
Not striated
One nucleus
Slow contraction
Do not fatigue

25
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary
cylindrical
Not branched
Striated
Long cells
Multinucleate

26
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle cells

A

Sarcolemma
Mitochondria
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasm
Myofibril

27
Q

what filaments make up myofibril

A

Myosin and actin

28
Q

Which filament in the myofibril is thin

A

Actin

29
Q

Which filament in the myofibril is thick

A

myosin

30
Q

What is the sacromere

A

One of the many units of a myofibril which runs from one Z line to Z line

31
Q

What is the Z line

A

Where actin filaments meet

32
Q

What is the M line

A

Where the myosin filaments meet

33
Q

What is the H zone

A

Myosin not covered by action

34
Q

What is the I band

A

Actin not covered by myosin

35
Q

What is the A band

A

All of the myosin and some overlapping actin

36
Q

What is the name of the model for muscle contraction

A

The sliding filament model

37
Q

What happens to each part of the muscle during muscle contraction

A

H zone - shortens
I band - shortens
A band - same size
Filaments - same size
Sarcomere - shortens
Myofibril - shortens
Muscle cells

38
Q

What is the structure of the filaments

A

Myosin heads have two binding sites, one for actin and one for ATP

Troponin is attached to tropomyosin on actin filament

At rest tropomyosin blocks the actin-myosin binding sites

39
Q

Explain the process of muscle contraction

A

Myosin head has ADP and Pi molecules attached to it at rest

This comes from hydrolysis of ATP and energy is stored in myosin head

On arrival of action potential, Ca ion are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Transverse tubules speed this up

CA ions bind to troponin, changing the proteins shape

Results in tropomyosin being moved away from actin-myosin binding site

Myosin head can now bind to actin-myosin binding sites

Cross bridge forms

ADP and Pi released after binding causing myosin head to bend

called power stroke

Actin filaments are pulled along the myosin

New molecules of ATP binds to myosin head

Breaks the cross bridge

ATP hydrolysed to ADP and Pi which returns myosin head to resting position

Cycle is repeated numerous times

40
Q

Where is ATP generated for muscle contraction

A

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration

ATP- creatine phosphate

Biology (18 decks)

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