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Biology > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

1
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Each chromosome is 1
molecule of DNA which is
wrapped around histone
proteins

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2
Q

What is a gene

A

A gene is a section of DNA
that codes for a protein

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3
Q

What are the stages in the cell cycle

A

Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G1
S
G2

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4
Q

What happens in Mitosis

A

Nuclear divison

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5
Q

What happens in cytokinesis

A

Cell division
division of the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What happens in G1

A

Biosynthesis
Protein synthesis
organelles replicated
Error checking

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7
Q

What happens in stage S

A

Synthesis
DNA replication

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8
Q

What happens in G2

A

Continued cell growth
Proteins needed for cell division made
DNA checked for errors

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9
Q

What happens at G1 checkpoint

A

Checks for:
- cell size
- nutrients
- growth factors
- DNA damage

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10
Q

What happens at G2 checkpoint

A

Checks for:
- DNA damage
- DNA replication completeness

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11
Q

What happens at the spindle checkpoint

A

Checks for:
- chromosome attachment to spindle metaphase plate

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12
Q

why do organisms use mitosis

A

Growth of an organism
Repair of tissues
Asexual reproduction

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13
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase (Preparation)
Metaphase (Middle)
Anaphase (Apart)
telophase (Telophase)

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14
Q

What happens during prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell
spindle fibres start to form
nuclear envelope breaks down

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15
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the middle of the
cell
Chromosomes attached to spindle by their
centromere
Metaphase checkpoint

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16
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

Centromeres divide, separating sister
chromatids
Spindles contract, pulling chromatids to
opposite ends of the cell - centromere first

17
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Chromatids reach opposite ends of cell and
uncoil – now chromosomes
Two nuclear envelopes form
Two nuclei form

18
Q

What is the difference in mitosis between plants and animals

A

Plants have no centrioles where as animals do

In plants cytokinesis starts with formation of cell plate where as in animals cytokinesis starts outside

Only meristem undergoes mitosis where as most animal cells undergo mitosis

19
Q

What are alleles

A

Different versions of the same gene

20
Q

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis produces 2 cells, meiosis produces 4
Mitosis is one division, meiosis is two
Mitosis produces diploid cells, meiosis produces haploid cells
Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells, meiosis produces genetically different daughter cells

21
Q

How does meiosis lead to genetic variation?

A

During prophase I, homologous chromosomes exchange DNA, which creates genetic variation. This is called crossing-over

Independent assortment of chromosomes in metaphase I

Independent assortment of chromatids in metaphase II

Mutations

Biology (12 decks)

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