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Biology > Animal responses > Flashcards

Animal responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

short units that make up myofibrils

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2
Q

what are the 2 myofilament proteins and what sizes are they (thick + thin)?

A

actin (thin)
myosin (thick)

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3
Q

what is the H zone?

A

only myosin

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4
Q

what changes from a relaxed sarcomere to a contracted sarcomere?

A

the A band remains the same length but the H-zone and I band shorten

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5
Q

what marks the end of each sarcomere?

A

a z-line

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6
Q

what are dark bands?

A

myosin + actin filaments overlapping

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7
Q

what are light bands?

A

only actin filaments

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8
Q

describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A

skeletal muscle is made up of muscle fibres (large bundles of long cells) which consists of many myofibrils

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9
Q

what is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?

A

the sarcoplasm

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10
Q

what is the cell membrane of muscle cell fibres called?

A

the sarcolemma

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11
Q

what are the folds of the sarcolemma called?

A

t-tubules (transerve tubules)

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12
Q

what do t-tubules do?

A

help spread electrical impulses throughout the sarcoplasm so they reach all parts of the muscle fibre

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13
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of internal membranes that runs through the sarcoplasm

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14
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store and release?

A

calcium ions
needed for muscle contraction

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15
Q

give 2 structural points of muscle fibres

A

they are multinucleate
they have many mictochondria

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16
Q

how do sarcomeres contract?

A

myosin and actin filaments slide over one another

17
Q

describe the structure of myosin and actin filaments

A

myosin filaments have globular heads

actin filaments contain the proteins troponin and tropomyosin and have binding sites for myosin heads

18
Q

in resting muscle, what is the state of the myosin binding sites on actin

A

they are blocked by tropomyosin

19
Q

in muscle contraction, what do calcium ions bind to and what does this cause to happen?

A

Ca2+ ions bind to troponin which causes tropomyosin to move away from the actin-myosin binding site and expose it

20
Q

what causes the cross bridge to break?

A

ATP binding to the myosin head

21
Q

what are neuromuscular junctions?

A

synapses between neurones and muscles

22
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control?

A

conscious activity

23
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

unconcious activity

24
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic = calms body down (rest + digest)

sympathetic = gets body ready for action (fight + flight)

25
Q

what neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic system release?

A

acetylcholine

26
Q

what neurotransmitter does the sympathetic system release?

A

noradrenaline

27
Q

cerebrum role

A

involved in vision, hearing, learning, thinking

28
Q

cerebellum role

A

involved in muscle coordination, posture, balance

29
Q

medulla oblongata role

A

controls breathing rate and heart rate

30
Q

what is the pituitary gland controlled by?

A

the hypothalamus

31
Q

the 2 reflex arcs we need to know

A

blinking reflex
knee-jerk reflex

32
Q

what are baroreceptors and where are they located?

A

pressure receptors found in the aorta and the vena cava

33
Q

what are chemoreceptors and where are they located?

A

chemical receptors found in the aorta, carotid artery and medulla

34
Q

which muscles are voluntary/involuntary

A

skeletal muscle = voluntary

smooth muscle + cardiac muscle = involuntary

35
Q

role of dendrites

A

to carry nerve impulses to the cell body

36
Q

role of dendrons

A

to carry nerve impulses away from the cell body

37
Q

what are the 2 types of synapse?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

38
Q

what happens at an excitatory synapse?

A

neurotransmitters depolarise the post-synaptic membrane so an action potential is fired

39
Q

what happens at an inhibitory synapse?

A

neurotransmitters hyper polarise the post-synaptic membrane so an action potential is prevented from being fired

Biology (11 decks)

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