Animal Reproduction

Question 1

What is Sexual Reproduction?

Answer 1

A creation of offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) by fertilization to form a zygote

Question 2

What is Asexual Reproduction?

Answer 2

The creation of offspring without the fusion of an egg and sperm

Question 3

What is Budding?

Answer 3

New individuals arise as outgrowths of existing ones in asexual reproduction

Question 4

What is fission?

Answer 4

The separation of a parent organism to two individuals of approximately equal size in asexual reproduction

Question 5

What is fragmentation/regeneration?

Answer 5

The breaking of the body into pieces, some, or all of which develop into adults in asexual reproduction. (Must be accompanied by regeneration, regrowth of lost body parts)

Question 6

What is Parthenogenesis?

Answer 6

The development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg (asexual)

Question 7

What are some animals that use pathogenesis?

Answer 7

Insects, fish, lizards, salamanders

Question 8

What can cause parthenogenesis?

Answer 8

Normal mode of reproduction: entire population is female
Occasionally mode: to low population density or environmental cues
Mode of sex determination (bee, ants, wasps)

Question 9

How many sets of chromosomes does a diploid have?

Answer 9

Diploid (2n)- 2 sets of chromosomes does

Question 10

How many sets of chromosomes does a haploid have?

Answer 10

Haploid (2n)- 1 set of chromosomes

Question 11

What is the evolutionary enigma of asexual offspring?

Answer 11

100% related to the parent

Question 12

What is the evolutionary enigma of sexual offspring?

Answer 12

Offspring are 50% related

Question 13

How does natural selection work?

Answer 13

Works by disproportionate contribution of genes to future generations

Question 14

Why produce sexually?

Answer 14

Genetic variation- needed for populations to adapt to change

Question 15

Why produce asexually?

Answer 15

Species do so to keep population size stable. They will switch to sexual reproduction from time to time, or response to environmental change

Question 16

What is hermaphroditism?

Answer 16

Individuals can function as either male or female

Question 17

What does reproduction on hermaphroditism look like?

Answer 17

Only two hermaphrodites can mate, and some can self-fertilize

Question 18

What can some species do within hermaphroditism?

Answer 18

Sex reversals

Question 19

What is fertilization?

Answer 19

The union of sperm and eggs

Question 20

What is external fertilization?

Answer 20

Eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in an external environment

Question 21

What is internal fertilization?

Answer 21

The sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract

Question 22

What is essential for external fertilization?

Answer 22

A moist habitat (prevent gametes from drying out). Timing of release of gametes is crucial

Question 23

What are the benefits of internal fertilization?

Answer 23

It enables the sperm to reach egg efficiently. Production of fewer gametes. Higher survey rates of zygotes.

Question 24

What does internal fertilization require?

Answer 24

Sophisticated and compatible reproductive systems
Cooperative behavior
Male copulatory organ

Question 25

What is Gametogenesis?

Answer 25

The sexual reproduction in animals that relies on a set of cells that are precursors for gametes (eggs and sperm)

Question 26

What are Gonads?

Answer 26

Organs that contain these sets of cells and are the site of gametes production (males: testes, contain spermatocytes, females:ovaries, contain oocytes)

Question 27

What is Meiosis?

Answer 27

A type of cell division

Question 28

What are the steps of spermatogenesis?

Answer 28

1) Primary Spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I 2) secondary Spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II 3) Early spermatid undergoes differentiation = creating a sperm cell

Question 29

What are the steps of oogenesis?

Answer 29

1) primary oocyte (primary at birth, arrested in propane of meiosis I) undergoes the completion of meiosis I, and is at the most of meiosis II 2) secondary oocyte (arrested at metaphase of meiosis II) Completes ovulation at sperm entertained, as well as the completion of Meiosis II = Fertilized egg

Question 30

What is an acrosome?

Answer 30

A part of the anatomy of a sperm, which contains hydronic enzymes which function to break down complex organic molecules

Question 31

What are some sex hormones?

Answer 31

Androgens Estrogen Progesterone

Question 32

What do sex hormones regulate?

Answer 32

Sexual development Sexual behavior Gametogenesis