Animal Physiology (Sec B) Flashcards
What happens during gas exchange?
Air (containing oxygen) is taken in, and carbon dioxide is given out
Where does gas exchange occur?
The lungs! Yeah!
What organs are involved in gas exchange?
Lungs, ribs, intercostal muscles, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleural membranes and diaphragm
What happens to the diaphragm during gas exchange?
-Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, flattens -Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes, curves upwards
Which blood vessel are the alveoli covered with?
Capillaries, the thinnest type, so gas exchange is quick and easy, as there is a short distance b/w air and blood.
Name a few effects of smoking. Because I told you to.
-Cilia in trachea are destroyed -Lung cancer -Carboxyhaemoblobin formation -Emphysema (walls of alveoli are damaged)
What are the components of a balanced diet?
-Carbohydrates -Proteins -Vitamins & Minerals -Lipid -Fibre & Water
How do you test for starch and glucose?
-Starch: Iodine turns blue-black -Glucose: Blue Benedict’s solution turns orange-red when heated
Name the stages of breaking down food.
Ingestion; Digestion; Absorption; Assimilation; Egestion
What does the process of assimilation entail?
Digested food is absorbed into cells by diffusion
What occurs during absorption?
Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine with the assistance of villi
What does the body’s transport system include?
-Blood vessels -Heart -Blood
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
-Arteries -Veins -Capillaries
What are the main components of blood?
-Plasma -Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) -White blood corpuscles (WBCs) -Platelets (fragments of cells which assist clotting
What does the process of double circulation include?
The blood, from the heart, goes to the lungs (to get oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide), which is called pulmonary circulation. It then goes back to the heart and then to the rest of the body to drop off oxygen and receive carbon dioxide, which is called systemic circulation. Systemic + Pulmonary = Double
How does blood travel through the heart?
Blood from body, using goes to right atrium then through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle and then to lungs through pulmonary artery. It comes from lungs to the left atrium and then goes to left ventricle and out to the rest of the body.
What blood vessels are included in the function of the heart?
-Superior vena cava (brings blood from body to <3 to rest of body) -Pulmonary Artery & Vein
What is normal blood pressure?
120 mmHg during systole, 80 mmHg at diastole
What are the stages of blood clotting?
Injury–>Platelets arrive–>Platelets break open–>In presence of calcium ions, thrombin is formed–>Thrombin makes fibrin from fibrogen–>Clot of fibrin forms
What do WBCs do?
They protect the body from disease. 70% are phagocytes. They create antibodies to counter antigens on the surface of pathogens
How can antibodies destroy pathogens?
-Sticking them together so phagocytes can engulf them more easily -Labelling them so phagocytes recognize the pathogens -Causing bacterial cells to burst open -Neutralising toxins from bacteria
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
Brain and spinal cord. The rest is the Peripheral Nervous System
What are the parts of a neuron?
Dendrites (singular: Dendron), cell body, myelin sheath, axon, axon terminals, Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier
What are synapses?
The junctions (actually gaps) b/w neurons are synapses
