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Biology > Animal Physiology (Sec B) > Flashcards

Animal Physiology (Sec B) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during gas exchange?

A

Air (containing oxygen) is taken in, and carbon dioxide is given out

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2
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

The lungs! Yeah!

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3
Q

What organs are involved in gas exchange?

A

Lungs, ribs, intercostal muscles, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleural membranes and diaphragm

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4
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during gas exchange?

A

-Inhalation: Diaphragm contracts, flattens -Exhalation: Diaphragm relaxes, curves upwards

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5
Q

Which blood vessel are the alveoli covered with?

A

Capillaries, the thinnest type, so gas exchange is quick and easy, as there is a short distance b/w air and blood.

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6
Q

Name a few effects of smoking. Because I told you to.

A

-Cilia in trachea are destroyed -Lung cancer -Carboxyhaemoblobin formation -Emphysema (walls of alveoli are damaged)

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7
Q

What are the components of a balanced diet?

A

-Carbohydrates -Proteins -Vitamins & Minerals -Lipid -Fibre & Water

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8
Q

How do you test for starch and glucose?

A

-Starch: Iodine turns blue-black -Glucose: Blue Benedict’s solution turns orange-red when heated

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9
Q

Name the stages of breaking down food.

A

Ingestion; Digestion; Absorption; Assimilation; Egestion

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10
Q

What does the process of assimilation entail?

A

Digested food is absorbed into cells by diffusion

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11
Q

What occurs during absorption?

A

Digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine with the assistance of villi

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12
Q

What does the body’s transport system include?

A

-Blood vessels -Heart -Blood

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13
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

A

-Arteries -Veins -Capillaries

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14
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A

-Plasma -Red blood corpuscles (RBCs) -White blood corpuscles (WBCs) -Platelets (fragments of cells which assist clotting

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15
Q

What does the process of double circulation include?

A

The blood, from the heart, goes to the lungs (to get oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide), which is called pulmonary circulation. It then goes back to the heart and then to the rest of the body to drop off oxygen and receive carbon dioxide, which is called systemic circulation. Systemic + Pulmonary = Double

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16
Q

How does blood travel through the heart?

A

Blood from body, using goes to right atrium then through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle and then to lungs through pulmonary artery. It comes from lungs to the left atrium and then goes to left ventricle and out to the rest of the body.

17
Q

What blood vessels are included in the function of the heart?

A

-Superior vena cava (brings blood from body to <3 to rest of body) -Pulmonary Artery & Vein

18
Q

What is normal blood pressure?

A

120 mmHg during systole, 80 mmHg at diastole

19
Q

What are the stages of blood clotting?

A

Injury–>Platelets arrive–>Platelets break open–>In presence of calcium ions, thrombin is formed–>Thrombin makes fibrin from fibrogen–>Clot of fibrin forms

20
Q

What do WBCs do?

A

They protect the body from disease. 70% are phagocytes. They create antibodies to counter antigens on the surface of pathogens

21
Q

How can antibodies destroy pathogens?

A

-Sticking them together so phagocytes can engulf them more easily -Labelling them so phagocytes recognize the pathogens -Causing bacterial cells to burst open -Neutralising toxins from bacteria

22
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord. The rest is the Peripheral Nervous System

23
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites (singular: Dendron), cell body, myelin sheath, axon, axon terminals, Schwann cells, nodes of Ranvier

24
Q

What are synapses?

A

The junctions (actually gaps) b/w neurons are synapses

25
Q

What are the different types of nerves?

A

-Sensory nerves: Send impulses from body to CNS -Motor nerves: Send impulses from CNS to body -Mixed nerves: What d’you think?

26
Q

What is the sequence of events in the nevous system?

A

Stimulus—>Receptor—>Coordination—>Effector—>Response!

27
Q

What is the sequence of events during a reflex action?

A

Stimulus–>Receptor–>Sensory neuron–>Relay neuron in CNS–>Motor neuron–>Effector–>Response. The signal never reaches the brain, only the spinal cord

28
Q

How does an electrical impulse bridge the synapse?

A

Chemical transmitters are released. The signals hop on, are ferried across, and then hop off and continue towards Mordor

29
Q

How do the eyes focus on objects?

A

The eyes focus by changing the shape of the lens in a process called accommodation.

30
Q

What happens to the eye when it focuses on distant and near objects?

A

-Distant: Ciliary muscles relax, pull the lens backwards, making it thinner. Suspensory ligaments pull tight -Near: Ciliary muscles contract, lens becomes rounder and fatter. Suspensory ligaments relax

31
Q

How does the eye change in bright/dim light?

A

-Bright: Pupil shrinks, iris enlarges, circular muscles contract -Dim: Pupil grows, iris shrinks, radial muscles contract

32
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system consists of glands which release hormones which are secreted into the bloodstream

33
Q

Name a few glands of the endocrine system, please?

A

Pituary, Adrenal, Thyroid, glands. Ovary ,Testes, Pancreas

34
Q

Names of glands and hormones and functions.

A
  • Pituitary: Antidueretic hormone (ADH), controls water content of body
  • Pancreas: Insulin & Glucagon, lower and raise blood glucose level
  • Adrenal: Adrenaline
  • Ovary: Oestrogen, regulates menstrual cycle, female secondary sexual caharteristcs
  • Testes: Testoterone
35
Q

Some effects of adrenaline?

A
  • Breathing & heart rates go up
  • More blood goes to muscles
  • Glycogen becomes glucose
  • Pupils dilate, mental awareness rises
36
Q

What enzymes are released by the pituitary glands during pubery?

A
  • Follicle Stimulating Syndrome (FSH): Stimulates sperm/oestrogen production
  • Luteinising Hormone (LH): Stimulates production of testosterone/progesterone

Yaaaay!!!

37
Q

Which hormones are released by the ovaries during puberty?

A
  • Oestrogen:Makes uterus lining build up
  • Progesterone: Tells blood vessels in uterus lining to grow

Biology (3 decks)

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