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Physiology (LEC) > Animal Physiology Part 2 > Flashcards

Animal Physiology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The___________ includes the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, lymph vessels, and lymph glands.

It is responsible for:
•
•
•
•

A

Circulatory system

• Distributing blood throughout the body
• Removing wastes
• Mounting immune responses to infection
• Aiding in regulating body temperature

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2
Q

________ provides organs, tissues and cells with oxygen, nutrients, gasses, hormones, and antibodies, and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.

A

Blood

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3
Q

The ___________ is responsible for draining fluid from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection.

A

Lymphatic system

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4
Q

The _______ is a muscle and is divided into the left and right side. Each side is made up of an ______ and a ______.

A

heart
atrium and ventricle

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5
Q

The ______ receive blood, either from the lungs or the rest of the body.

Blood then passes into the ______ before being pumped out of the heart again.

________ or ________ coming from the body enters the right atrium, passes through the right V.A. (atrioventricular) valve and into the right ventricle.

It is then pumped through the _______ to the lungs.

_________ or _________returns from the lungs via the _____________ and enters the left atrium; it then passes through the left A.V. valve and into the left ventricle before being pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body via the ______.

A

atria

ventricle

Deoxygenated or venous blood

pulmonary artery

Oxygenated or arterial blood
pulmonary vein
aorta

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6
Q

Parts of the heart

A

Arch aorta
Ascending aorta
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Anterior vena cava
Left pulmonary vein

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7
Q

Five types of blood vessels exist within the body:

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries

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8
Q

are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries

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9
Q

are small arterial branches that deliver blood to capillaries.

A

Arterioles

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10
Q

are blood vessels that convey blood from tissues back to the heart.

A

Veins

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11
Q

are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and delivers it to a vein.

A

Venules

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12
Q

gradually become smaller as they migrate away from the heart.

A

Blood vessels

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13
Q

Arteries divide into ______ and veins divide ______.

A

arterioles
venules

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14
Q

are the smallest blood vessels.

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

are involved in the transfer of oxygen, nutrients and gases to the cells of the body and the removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste.

A

Capillaries

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16
Q

have very thin membranes, so the components of blood can diffuse across the membrane and enter cells.

A

Capillaries

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17
Q

Interaction of molecules flowing in and out of blood at the ________.

A

capillary bed

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18
Q

The two main circulation system within the body are:

A

Pulmonary System
Systematic System

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19
Q

delivers blood to and from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary System

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20
Q

circulates blood throughout the rest of the body.

A

Systematic System

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21
Q

Blood is composed of:

A

• Red cells (erythrocytes),
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
• Plasma

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22
Q

______ are the most numerous and contain a protein called _______.

A

Red blood cells
hemoglobin

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23
Q

contains the mineral iron and is responsible for carry oxygen in the blood.

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

deliver oxygen to cells and aid in the removal of carbon dioxide.

A

Red blood cells

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25
Q

are responsible for the body’s immune response, or defense against infection.

A

Hemoglobin cells

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26
Q

Two types of white blood cells

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

(Lymphoid cells)

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27
Q

________ and _______ aid in combating foreign bodies, bacteria, viruses and other infective agents.

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes (lymphoid cells)

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28
Q

________ is a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus; found in circulating blood, play a role in ______.

A

Platelet (thrombocyte)
clotting

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29
Q

________ is the yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels.

It is _____ water.

A

Plasma
90%

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30
Q

The __________ maintains internal fluid balance and is an important component of the body’s immune system.

A

Lymphatic system

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31
Q

are thin-walled and blind-ended.

A

Lymph vessels

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32
Q

They originate in the body tissue and take lymph towards the heart.

A

Lymph vessels

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33
Q

are located throughout the body along the Lymph vessels

A

Lymph nodes

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34
Q

________ filter lymph and act as a barrier against infection by harboring ________, ________, and _______.

A

Lymph nodes

lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells

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35
Q

The digestive system is made up of:

A

• Mouth
• Tongue
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach (or stomachs)
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus

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36
Q

breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.

A

Digestive system

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37
Q

Stages of the digestive process include:

A

• Biting
• Chewing
• Swallowing and mixing of food
• Digestion and absorption of nutrients
• Excretion of waste

38
Q

_______ is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and ultimately into molecules that are small enough to pass across the wall of the intestines.

A

Digestion

39
Q

The passage of molecules across the intestinal wall in to the blood or lymph system

A

absorption

40
Q

Animals such as cattle, sheep, horses, and rabbits, which depend entirely on plants for food are called _______.

A

Herbivores

41
Q

Other species, such as dogs and cats, which depend almost entirely on the flesh of other animals for food, are called _______.

A

carnivores

42
Q

Species such as swine, poultry, and humans, which consume both flesh and plants, are called _______.

A

Omnivores

43
Q

Animals can be divided into three groups based on their digestive systems:
•
•
•

A

• Ruminants
• Monogastrics
• Hindgut

44
Q

Examples of ruminant animals.

A

Sheep, cattle, goats, and deer

45
Q

They have four stomachs instead of one

A

Ruminants

46
Q

Ruminants have four stomachs, these are:

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Abomasum
Omasum

47
Q

• ______ the largest chamber of the of the ruminant stomach
• Contains millions of microbes, bacteria, and protozoa
• Lining composed of many papillae that aid in the absorption of nutrients
• Produces a large amount of methane gas, mainly methane and carbon dioxide
• When an animal eats, these microbes, bacteria, and protozoa digest the food as it enters the rumen.
• Nutrients are then released to be used by the ruminant animal.

A

Rumen

48
Q

These ______ have a single glandular stomach.

Answer: name and animals

A

Monogastrics
Swine and poultry

49
Q

_______ have a digestive system that is anatomically and physiologically similar to the human digestive system.

A

Swine

50
Q

examples of hindgut fermenters.

A

Horses, donkeys, and rabbits

51
Q

_________ have a larger than normal cecum.

A

Hindgut fermemeters

52
Q

These animal require microbes to break down cellulose so that they can digest high-fiber plant material such as grass.

A

Hindgut fermenters

53
Q

The digestive system is made up of:

2nd answer

A

• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Non-ruminant Stomach
• Ruminant Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Accessory digestive organs

54
Q

The _______ and _______ are used to select food that that animal intends to ingest.

A

tongue and lips

55
Q

Food is chewed or physically broken down to smaller pieces by a process called ________.

A

mastication

56
Q

Saliva provides:

• ________ so the food may be swallowed
• ________ that break down the nutrients

A

Lubrication
Enzymes

57
Q

Food moves down the esophagus to the stomach in a wave-like motion called _______

A

peristalsis

58
Q

The ________ is a tube-like tract that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

A

esophagus

59
Q

When an animal swallows, the ______ rises so that the _______ closes off the _______ thus preventing food from entering the air passageway.

A

larynx
epiglottis
trachea

60
Q

The is a storage chamber that holds food particles.

A

Non-ruminant stomach

61
Q

This is where breakdown of food particles by enzymes continues in the stomach.

A

Non - ruminant stomach

62
Q

• Food particles enter the rumen and microbes start eating or digesting these particles.
• The microbes produce waste or by-products which can then be used by the animal. Some of the microbes pass into the intestines where they are digested by the animal.
• Ruminants get their main source of protein (approximately 70%) from digesting the microbes that pass into the small intestine.

A

Ruminant stomach

63
Q

RUMINANT STOMACH

• All ruminants are ________. They consume grasses and other plant materials containing larges amount of cellulose.
• Microorganisms in the digestive system of ruminants synthesize all _________ essential to the animal.

• _________ and _______ gas is expelled by belching and, to a lesser extent, absorbed into the blood.
• If the gases are allowed to accumulate in the rumen, they may cause ______ (an abnormal inflation or distension of the rumen).

• Ruminants chew food, then swallow it and start to digest it.
• They are then able to regurgitate the food and ________ it (chew it more). This function helps to break down the fibrous material further and allows the microbes the access food particles.

A

herbivores
amino acids

• Methane and carbon dioxide
• bloat

• re-masticate

64
Q

Its main function is absorption

A

Small intestine

65
Q

Small intestine includes:

A

Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum

66
Q

The inside the small intestine is covered by ______ highly ________ finger-like projections that greatly increase the absorptive surface area.

A

villi
vasculated

67
Q

The _________ removes water and prepares the dry waste matter for feces and finally defecation.

A

Large intestine

68
Q

_______ is excreted via the rectum. It passes through the rectum and then exits the body through the anus.

A

Fecal material

69
Q

The large intestine consists of:

A

• Cecum
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon

70
Q

Accessory digestive organs are associated with the digestive system:

•
•
•
•

A

• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder

71
Q

_______ has pH balancing properties and provides enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of nutrients.

A

Saliva

72
Q

The ______ is made up of an endocrine and exocrine gland.

A

pancreas

73
Q

• The endocrine gland produces _____.
• The exocrine gland produces ______.

A

insulin
enzymes

74
Q

Molecules in the _________ are converted to compounds that animals need for tissue growth, nerve formation, enzyme synthesis, and many other functions.

A

liver

75
Q

It excretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.

A

Liver

76
Q

The ________ is where bile is stored.

A

gallbladder

77
Q

______ has properties that allow it to emulsify fats, increasing the efficiency at which they are digested.

A

Bile

78
Q

Poultry do not have teeth to physically break down their food. The glandular stomach of poultry is called __________.

A

proventriculus

79
Q

Before reaching the proventriculus, food is stored in an enlargement of the gullet, called the _______, where it is softened.

A

crop

80
Q

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• Feed passes from the proventriculus to the ventriculus, or gizzard, which crushes and grinds coarse feed.
• Feed passes from the gizzard into the duodenum.
• ______ are secreted containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
• ________, which is also secreted into the duodenum, aids in the digestion of lipids.
• Absorption takes place in the __________.

A

Pancreatic juices
Liver bile
small intestine

81
Q

Provides oxygen to the blood.

A

Respiratory system

82
Q

Excretes waste gases such as carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory system

83
Q

Creates noise via the voice box (in most animals) or the syrinx (in birds)

A

Respiratory system

84
Q

Respiratory system includes:

A

• Lungs
• Nostrils
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea

85
Q

The trachea enters the chest cavity as a single tube to the base of the heart where it divides into two braches called _________

Each bronchi Bronchi/Lungs passes into one of the lungs

Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and finally into very small tubes called ________.

A

primary bronchi
bronchioles

86
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• The bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, which lead to the smallest portions of the respiratory system called _______.
• Oxygen is diffused from the bloodstream into the alveoli so it can be exhaled out of the body.

A

alveoli

87
Q

The primary function of the ______ is to exchange gases with the atmosphere.

• Gas absorbed by the lungs during inhalation is _____.
• Gas exhaled is _________.

A

Lungs

oxygen
carbon dioxide

88
Q

Muscles of the diaphragm contract causing the thoracic cavity to enlarge and a vacuum to be created. The lungs to expand and air is drawn into them.

A

Inhalation

89
Q

The diaphragm muscles relax, causing contraction of the chest muscles, which decreases the thoracic cavity size, resulting in the retraction of alveolar elastic fibers.

A

Exhalation

90
Q

Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called the _________.

A

Medulla oblongata

91
Q

The rate at which the brain stimulates breathing is affected by the carbon dioxide content of the blood, body temperature, and messages from other parts of the brain.

A

Breathing rates?

Physiology (LEC) (5 decks)

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