Animal Physiology Part 2 Flashcards
The___________ includes the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, lymph vessels, and lymph glands.
It is responsible for:
•
•
•
•
Circulatory system
• Distributing blood throughout the body
• Removing wastes
• Mounting immune responses to infection
• Aiding in regulating body temperature
________ provides organs, tissues and cells with oxygen, nutrients, gasses, hormones, and antibodies, and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
Blood
The ___________ is responsible for draining fluid from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection.
Lymphatic system
The _______ is a muscle and is divided into the left and right side. Each side is made up of an ______ and a ______.
heart
atrium and ventricle
The ______ receive blood, either from the lungs or the rest of the body.
Blood then passes into the ______ before being pumped out of the heart again.
________ or ________ coming from the body enters the right atrium, passes through the right V.A. (atrioventricular) valve and into the right ventricle.
It is then pumped through the _______ to the lungs.
_________ or _________returns from the lungs via the _____________ and enters the left atrium; it then passes through the left A.V. valve and into the left ventricle before being pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body via the ______.
atria
ventricle
Deoxygenated or venous blood
pulmonary artery
Oxygenated or arterial blood
pulmonary vein
aorta
Parts of the heart
Arch aorta
Ascending aorta
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Anterior vena cava
Left pulmonary vein
Five types of blood vessels exist within the body:
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries
are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
are small arterial branches that deliver blood to capillaries.
Arterioles
are blood vessels that convey blood from tissues back to the heart.
Veins
are small veins that collect blood from capillaries and delivers it to a vein.
Venules
gradually become smaller as they migrate away from the heart.
Blood vessels
Arteries divide into ______ and veins divide ______.
arterioles
venules
are the smallest blood vessels.
Capillaries
are involved in the transfer of oxygen, nutrients and gases to the cells of the body and the removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic waste.
Capillaries
have very thin membranes, so the components of blood can diffuse across the membrane and enter cells.
Capillaries
Interaction of molecules flowing in and out of blood at the ________.
capillary bed
The two main circulation system within the body are:
Pulmonary System
Systematic System
delivers blood to and from the lungs.
Pulmonary System
circulates blood throughout the rest of the body.
Systematic System
Blood is composed of:
• Red cells (erythrocytes),
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
• Plasma
______ are the most numerous and contain a protein called _______.
Red blood cells
hemoglobin
contains the mineral iron and is responsible for carry oxygen in the blood.
Hemoglobin
deliver oxygen to cells and aid in the removal of carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells
are responsible for the body’s immune response, or defense against infection.
Hemoglobin cells
Two types of white blood cells
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
(Lymphoid cells)
________ and _______ aid in combating foreign bodies, bacteria, viruses and other infective agents.
granulocytes and agranulocytes (lymphoid cells)
________ is a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus; found in circulating blood, play a role in ______.
Platelet (thrombocyte)
clotting
________ is the yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels.
It is _____ water.
Plasma
90%
The __________ maintains internal fluid balance and is an important component of the body’s immune system.
Lymphatic system
are thin-walled and blind-ended.
Lymph vessels
They originate in the body tissue and take lymph towards the heart.
Lymph vessels
are located throughout the body along the Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
________ filter lymph and act as a barrier against infection by harboring ________, ________, and _______.
Lymph nodes
lymphocytes, monocytes and plasma cells
The digestive system is made up of:
• Mouth
• Tongue
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach (or stomachs)
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus
breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.
Digestive system
Stages of the digestive process include:
• Biting
• Chewing
• Swallowing and mixing of food
• Digestion and absorption of nutrients
• Excretion of waste
_______ is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and ultimately into molecules that are small enough to pass across the wall of the intestines.
Digestion
The passage of molecules across the intestinal wall in to the blood or lymph system
absorption
Animals such as cattle, sheep, horses, and rabbits, which depend entirely on plants for food are called _______.
Herbivores
Other species, such as dogs and cats, which depend almost entirely on the flesh of other animals for food, are called _______.
carnivores
Species such as swine, poultry, and humans, which consume both flesh and plants, are called _______.
Omnivores
Animals can be divided into three groups based on their digestive systems:
•
•
•
• Ruminants
• Monogastrics
• Hindgut
Examples of ruminant animals.
Sheep, cattle, goats, and deer
They have four stomachs instead of one
Ruminants
Ruminants have four stomachs, these are:
Rumen
Reticulum
Abomasum
Omasum
• ______ the largest chamber of the of the ruminant stomach
• Contains millions of microbes, bacteria, and protozoa
• Lining composed of many papillae that aid in the absorption of nutrients
• Produces a large amount of methane gas, mainly methane and carbon dioxide
• When an animal eats, these microbes, bacteria, and protozoa digest the food as it enters the rumen.
• Nutrients are then released to be used by the ruminant animal.
Rumen
These ______ have a single glandular stomach.
Answer: name and animals
Monogastrics
Swine and poultry
_______ have a digestive system that is anatomically and physiologically similar to the human digestive system.
Swine
examples of hindgut fermenters.
Horses, donkeys, and rabbits
_________ have a larger than normal cecum.
Hindgut fermemeters
These animal require microbes to break down cellulose so that they can digest high-fiber plant material such as grass.
Hindgut fermenters
The digestive system is made up of:
2nd answer
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Non-ruminant Stomach
• Ruminant Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Accessory digestive organs
The _______ and _______ are used to select food that that animal intends to ingest.
tongue and lips
Food is chewed or physically broken down to smaller pieces by a process called ________.
mastication
Saliva provides:
• ________ so the food may be swallowed
• ________ that break down the nutrients
Lubrication
Enzymes
Food moves down the esophagus to the stomach in a wave-like motion called _______
peristalsis
The ________ is a tube-like tract that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
When an animal swallows, the ______ rises so that the _______ closes off the _______ thus preventing food from entering the air passageway.
larynx
epiglottis
trachea
The is a storage chamber that holds food particles.
Non-ruminant stomach
This is where breakdown of food particles by enzymes continues in the stomach.
Non - ruminant stomach
• Food particles enter the rumen and microbes start eating or digesting these particles.
• The microbes produce waste or by-products which can then be used by the animal. Some of the microbes pass into the intestines where they are digested by the animal.
• Ruminants get their main source of protein (approximately 70%) from digesting the microbes that pass into the small intestine.
Ruminant stomach
RUMINANT STOMACH
• All ruminants are ________. They consume grasses and other plant materials containing larges amount of cellulose.
• Microorganisms in the digestive system of ruminants synthesize all _________ essential to the animal.
• _________ and _______ gas is expelled by belching and, to a lesser extent, absorbed into the blood.
• If the gases are allowed to accumulate in the rumen, they may cause ______ (an abnormal inflation or distension of the rumen).
• Ruminants chew food, then swallow it and start to digest it.
• They are then able to regurgitate the food and ________ it (chew it more). This function helps to break down the fibrous material further and allows the microbes the access food particles.
herbivores
amino acids
• Methane and carbon dioxide
• bloat
• re-masticate
Its main function is absorption
Small intestine
Small intestine includes:
Duodenum
Jejenum
Ileum
The inside the small intestine is covered by ______ highly ________ finger-like projections that greatly increase the absorptive surface area.
villi
vasculated
The _________ removes water and prepares the dry waste matter for feces and finally defecation.
Large intestine
_______ is excreted via the rectum. It passes through the rectum and then exits the body through the anus.
Fecal material
The large intestine consists of:
• Cecum
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Descending colon
• Sigmoid colon
Accessory digestive organs are associated with the digestive system:
•
•
•
•
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder
_______ has pH balancing properties and provides enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of nutrients.
Saliva
The ______ is made up of an endocrine and exocrine gland.
pancreas
• The endocrine gland produces _____.
• The exocrine gland produces ______.
insulin
enzymes
Molecules in the _________ are converted to compounds that animals need for tissue growth, nerve formation, enzyme synthesis, and many other functions.
liver
It excretes bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.
Liver
The ________ is where bile is stored.
gallbladder
______ has properties that allow it to emulsify fats, increasing the efficiency at which they are digested.
Bile
Poultry do not have teeth to physically break down their food. The glandular stomach of poultry is called __________.
proventriculus
Before reaching the proventriculus, food is stored in an enlargement of the gullet, called the _______, where it is softened.
crop
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Feed passes from the proventriculus to the ventriculus, or gizzard, which crushes and grinds coarse feed.
• Feed passes from the gizzard into the duodenum.
• ______ are secreted containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
• ________, which is also secreted into the duodenum, aids in the digestion of lipids.
• Absorption takes place in the __________.
Pancreatic juices
Liver bile
small intestine
Provides oxygen to the blood.
Respiratory system
Excretes waste gases such as carbon dioxide
Respiratory system
Creates noise via the voice box (in most animals) or the syrinx (in birds)
Respiratory system
Respiratory system includes:
• Lungs
• Nostrils
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
The trachea enters the chest cavity as a single tube to the base of the heart where it divides into two braches called _________
Each bronchi Bronchi/Lungs passes into one of the lungs
Inside the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller bronchi and finally into very small tubes called ________.
primary bronchi
bronchioles
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• The bronchioles open into alveolar ducts, which lead to the smallest portions of the respiratory system called _______.
• Oxygen is diffused from the bloodstream into the alveoli so it can be exhaled out of the body.
alveoli
The primary function of the ______ is to exchange gases with the atmosphere.
• Gas absorbed by the lungs during inhalation is _____.
• Gas exhaled is _________.
Lungs
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Muscles of the diaphragm contract causing the thoracic cavity to enlarge and a vacuum to be created. The lungs to expand and air is drawn into them.
Inhalation
The diaphragm muscles relax, causing contraction of the chest muscles, which decreases the thoracic cavity size, resulting in the retraction of alveolar elastic fibers.
Exhalation
Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called the _________.
Medulla oblongata
The rate at which the brain stimulates breathing is affected by the carbon dioxide content of the blood, body temperature, and messages from other parts of the brain.
Breathing rates?
