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Physiology (LEC) > Animal Physiology > Flashcards

Animal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

It is related to the functions of the body and all its parts, including cells, tissues and organs

A

Physiology

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2
Q

The __________ consists of skin and skin appendages, including:

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A

integumentary system

• Hair
• Nails
• Horns
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands

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3
Q

Its primary function is to act as a protective layer against disease, infection, the sun, and other potentially harmful elements.

A

skin

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4
Q

What are the two layers of animal skin

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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5
Q

It is the outer layer of the skin and contains no blood cells.

A

epidermis

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6
Q

The epidermis is a superficial covering of __________ comprised of an external layer of dead cells sitting on a lower layer of living cells.

A

stratified epithelial tissue

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7
Q

It is the is the inner layer of the skin and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers.

A

dermis

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8
Q

It is a deeper layer of dense, irregular connective tissue.

A

dermis

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9
Q

Skin Appendages (modified extensions) derived from the skin include:

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A

• Hair
• Scales
• Hoofs
• Feathers
• Claws
• Horns
• Nails

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10
Q

• Coat coverings differ between animals species.

• _____, _____, ______, and _____ have hair, ______ have wool, and _____ have feathers.

• Hair, wool and feather are all comprised of _____ and are essential for regulating ______.

A

HAIR - Goats, horses, cattle, and swine
WOOL - sheep
FEATHERS - Poultry

protein
body temperature

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11
Q

Each hair follicle has a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers called _________

A

Arrector pili

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12
Q

It can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface

A

Arrector pili

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13
Q

• The _______ muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily by the ______ in times of stress or cold.

• When all hairs are standing perpendicular, they trap more air and keep the animal’s body warmer.

A

arrector pili
nervous system

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14
Q

The principle glands of the skin are:

A

Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands

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15
Q

It release water to cool the body.

A

Sweat glands

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16
Q

Secrete oil substances to lubricate the skin and hair.

A

Sebaceous glands

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17
Q

_______ in the dermis of the skin detect touch, pain, heat, and cold.

A

Sensory receptors

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18
Q

Sensory receptors include:

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A

• Merkel cells
• Meissner’s corpuscles
• Paccinian corpuscles
• Free nerve endings

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19
Q

respond to very light pressure.

A

Merkel cells

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20
Q

are sensitive to touch and are found in delicate areas such as the lips and fingertips.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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21
Q

It detect pressure.

A

Paccinian corpuscles

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22
Q

sense heat and cold as well as touch.

A

Free nerve endings

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23
Q

It is the framework of the body.

A

skeletal system

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24
Q

It is made up of bones and connective tissue and provides structural support for all of the other organ systems.

A

skeletal system

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25
Q

It protects the organs of the body.

A

skeletal system

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26
Q

• The _____ protects the brain, ____ protect the lungs, and ______ protect the spinal cord.

A

skull
ribs
vertebrae

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27
Q

• The _______ works in conjunction with the muscles to allow movement of the different body parts.

A

skeleton

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28
Q

The skeleton is made up of the _______ and the ________

A

Axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

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29
Q

The _______ consists of those bones on the midline of the body including:

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A

axial skeleton
• Skull
• Vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum

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30
Q

The __________ is comprised of those bones coming off the midline of the body including:
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A

appendicular skeleton
• Forelegs (arms)
• Hindlegs (legs)
• Bones in the pelvic region

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31
Q

Bones are divided into four classes.

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A

• Long bones
• Flat bones
• Short bones
• Irregular bones

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32
Q

Found in the limbs, are the supporting columns and levers for the skeletal system and the body.

A

Long bones

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33
Q

________ protect the body’s organs and serve as an area of muscle attachment.

A

Flat bones

34
Q

_________ such as the bones in the knee hock joint, diffuse concussion, diminish friction, and change the direction of tendons.

A

Short bones

35
Q

_________ are those bones found in the vertebral column.

A

Irregular bones

36
Q

Bone is made up of _______ and ______ matter.

A

Organic and inorganic matter

37
Q

The ________ is mostly collagen and gives bone flexibility and resilience.

A

organic matter

38
Q

The ____________ is mostly tricalcium phosphate and gives bone rigidity and hardness.

A

inorganic matter

39
Q

The inner core of the bone is soft tissue called _________

A

Bone marrow

40
Q

Some of bone marrow consists of yellow fat, called _________

A

yellow marrow

41
Q

The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue, called ________

A

red marrow

42
Q

The ________ is responsible for blood cell and platelet formation.

A

red marrow

43
Q

Bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an _____. This process is known as ___________ or ___________

A

embryo

endochondral ossification or endochondral bone formation

44
Q

The bone forming cells are known as
________

A

osteoblasts

45
Q

Osteoblasts develop into ________ or mature bone cells.

A

osteocytes

46
Q

Bone formation occurs at a ________

A

growth plate

47
Q

Bone formation occurs at a growth plate:

• Primary ossification occurs at the _________ growth rate

• Secondary ossification occurs at the __________ growth rate. The secondary ossification site is in the center of the ________

A

metaphyseal
epiphyseal

epiphysis

48
Q

_________ binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage.

A

Connective tissue

49
Q

Four types of connective tissues exist within the skeletal system:

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A

• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Cartilage
• Fascia

50
Q

connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

51
Q

attach muscle to bone

A

Tendons

52
Q

Three types of cartilage found in the body:

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

53
Q

__________ is found on the ends of bones and acts as cushioning in joints.

A

Hyaline cartilage

54
Q

_________ makes up body parts such as the ears.

A

Elastic cartilage

55
Q

_________ provides cushioning between the inter vertebral discs.

A

Fibrocartilage

56
Q

________ is located between the skin and the underlying muscle or bone.

It is comprised of two layers. The top layer, __________ is attached to the skin while the bottom layer, __________ covers the muscle or bone.

A

Fascia

superficial fascia
deep fascia

57
Q

________ are articulations (unions) between bones.

A

Joints

58
Q

Three types of joints are found in the body:

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•

A

• Fibrous
• Cartaginous
• Synovial

59
Q

• Joints can be highly movable - for example, the _______
• Partially movable for example, the ______
• Immovable for example, _________________________

A

• shoulder
• ribs
• suture joints between the plates of the skull

60
Q

The _________ in conjunction with the skeletal system, allows the movement of internal structures, limbs, and the body as a whole.

A

muscular system

61
Q

Muscles can be categorized by their:

________
(_______, _______, or ______)

_______________
(_________ or __________)

__________
(________, ________ or ________)

A

Function
(skeletal, visceral, or cardiac)

Activation Method
(voluntary or involuntary)

Physiology
(smooth, striated, unstrained)

62
Q

____________ are striated voluntary muscle that are involved in the movement of the skeleton.

A

Skeletal muscles

63
Q

It can be intentionally controlled by the animal.

A

Skeletal muscles

64
Q

____________ are involuntary unstriated muscles found in the digestive organs and blood vessels of the body.

A

Smooth or visceral muscles

65
Q

_____________ function automatically and can not be controlled by the animal.

A

Smooth or Visceral muscles

66
Q

___________ is involuntary striated muscle found only in the heart.

A

Cardiac muscles

67
Q

No conscious control of, but it can be regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

A

Cardiac muscles

68
Q

Skeletal muscles can be divided into four functional groups:

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A

• Flexors
• Extensors
• Abductors
• Adductors

69
Q

Many muscles work in pairs so that when one contracts (flexes or shortens) the other one relaxes (extends or lengthens). This relationship is know as _________

A

antagonism

70
Q

Muscles that work together to perform a movement are referred to as __________

A

synergists

71
Q

__________ decrease the angle between two lever bones when they contract.

Example: ________

A

Flexor muscles
Biceps

72
Q

________ increase the angle between two lever (bones) when they contract.

Example: _______

A

Extensor muscles
Triceps

73
Q

__________ move limbs away from the median plane (the middle or main part of the body).

Example: _______

A

Abduction muscles
Deltoids

74
Q

__________ pull limbs toward the median plane (middle or main part of the body).

Example: ________

A

Adductor muscles
Pectoralis Major

75
Q

• Most __________ attach to two different bones.

• The _________ is on the most stable or least movable bone while the ________ is on the more movable bone.

A

skeletal muscles

point of origin
insertion point

76
Q

• Skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of ______ or cells that stretch from one tendon, or connective tissue, to the other tendon.

• These bundles of fibers lie ________ to each other within the muscle sheath making the muscle appear ______ or _______.

• Each bundle consists of fibers, which are individual cells with multiple _______.

A

fibers

parallel
striped or striated

nuclei

77
Q

Individual muscle fibers are made up of bundles of _______ enclosed in a series of _______.

They are made up of thick filaments of _______ and thin filaments of _____.

A

myofibrils
sarcomeres

myosin
actin

78
Q

• Muscle contraction occurs as a result of a process known as __________

• Each _________ contracts as a result of the actin and myosin filament sliding over each other.

A

sliding filament action
sarcomere

79
Q

It is made up of bundles of fibers or cells that stretch from one tendon, or connective tissue, to the other tendon.

A

Skeletal muscle

80
Q

These ___________ lie parallel to each other within the muscle sheath making the muscle appear striped or striated.

A

bundles of fibers

81
Q

Energy utilized for muscle construction comes primarily from non-protein sources such as _______, _______ and ________.

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, body fats

82
Q

_______ allow the greatest range of movements such as: (8)

A

• Gliding
• Flexion
• Extension
• Hyperextension

• Rotation
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction

Physiology (LEC) (5 decks)

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