Animal Physiology Flashcards
It is related to the functions of the body and all its parts, including cells, tissues and organs
Physiology
The __________ consists of skin and skin appendages, including:
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integumentary system
• Hair
• Nails
• Horns
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands
Its primary function is to act as a protective layer against disease, infection, the sun, and other potentially harmful elements.
skin
What are the two layers of animal skin
Epidermis and Dermis
It is the outer layer of the skin and contains no blood cells.
epidermis
The epidermis is a superficial covering of __________ comprised of an external layer of dead cells sitting on a lower layer of living cells.
stratified epithelial tissue
It is the is the inner layer of the skin and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers.
dermis
It is a deeper layer of dense, irregular connective tissue.
dermis
Skin Appendages (modified extensions) derived from the skin include:
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• Hair
• Scales
• Hoofs
• Feathers
• Claws
• Horns
• Nails
• Coat coverings differ between animals species.
• _____, _____, ______, and _____ have hair, ______ have wool, and _____ have feathers.
• Hair, wool and feather are all comprised of _____ and are essential for regulating ______.
HAIR - Goats, horses, cattle, and swine
WOOL - sheep
FEATHERS - Poultry
protein
body temperature
Each hair follicle has a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers called _________
Arrector pili
It can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface
Arrector pili
• The _______ muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily by the ______ in times of stress or cold.
• When all hairs are standing perpendicular, they trap more air and keep the animal’s body warmer.
arrector pili
nervous system
The principle glands of the skin are:
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
It release water to cool the body.
Sweat glands
Secrete oil substances to lubricate the skin and hair.
Sebaceous glands
_______ in the dermis of the skin detect touch, pain, heat, and cold.
Sensory receptors
Sensory receptors include:
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• Merkel cells
• Meissner’s corpuscles
• Paccinian corpuscles
• Free nerve endings
respond to very light pressure.
Merkel cells
are sensitive to touch and are found in delicate areas such as the lips and fingertips.
Meissner’s corpuscles
It detect pressure.
Paccinian corpuscles
sense heat and cold as well as touch.
Free nerve endings
It is the framework of the body.
skeletal system
It is made up of bones and connective tissue and provides structural support for all of the other organ systems.
skeletal system
It protects the organs of the body.
skeletal system
• The _____ protects the brain, ____ protect the lungs, and ______ protect the spinal cord.
skull
ribs
vertebrae
• The _______ works in conjunction with the muscles to allow movement of the different body parts.
skeleton
The skeleton is made up of the _______ and the ________
Axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
The _______ consists of those bones on the midline of the body including:
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axial skeleton
• Skull
• Vertebrae
• Ribs
• Sternum
The __________ is comprised of those bones coming off the midline of the body including:
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appendicular skeleton
• Forelegs (arms)
• Hindlegs (legs)
• Bones in the pelvic region
Bones are divided into four classes.
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• Long bones
• Flat bones
• Short bones
• Irregular bones
Found in the limbs, are the supporting columns and levers for the skeletal system and the body.
Long bones
________ protect the body’s organs and serve as an area of muscle attachment.
Flat bones
_________ such as the bones in the knee hock joint, diffuse concussion, diminish friction, and change the direction of tendons.
Short bones
_________ are those bones found in the vertebral column.
Irregular bones
Bone is made up of _______ and ______ matter.
Organic and inorganic matter
The ________ is mostly collagen and gives bone flexibility and resilience.
organic matter
The ____________ is mostly tricalcium phosphate and gives bone rigidity and hardness.
inorganic matter
The inner core of the bone is soft tissue called _________
Bone marrow
Some of bone marrow consists of yellow fat, called _________
yellow marrow
The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue, called ________
red marrow
The ________ is responsible for blood cell and platelet formation.
red marrow
Bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an _____. This process is known as ___________ or ___________
embryo
endochondral ossification or endochondral bone formation
The bone forming cells are known as
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osteoblasts
Osteoblasts develop into ________ or mature bone cells.
osteocytes
Bone formation occurs at a ________
growth plate
Bone formation occurs at a growth plate:
• Primary ossification occurs at the _________ growth rate
• Secondary ossification occurs at the __________ growth rate. The secondary ossification site is in the center of the ________
metaphyseal
epiphyseal
epiphysis
_________ binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage.
Connective tissue
Four types of connective tissues exist within the skeletal system:
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• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Cartilage
• Fascia
connect bone to bone
Ligaments
attach muscle to bone
Tendons
Three types of cartilage found in the body:
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
__________ is found on the ends of bones and acts as cushioning in joints.
Hyaline cartilage
_________ makes up body parts such as the ears.
Elastic cartilage
_________ provides cushioning between the inter vertebral discs.
Fibrocartilage
________ is located between the skin and the underlying muscle or bone.
It is comprised of two layers. The top layer, __________ is attached to the skin while the bottom layer, __________ covers the muscle or bone.
Fascia
superficial fascia
deep fascia
________ are articulations (unions) between bones.
Joints
Three types of joints are found in the body:
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• Fibrous
• Cartaginous
• Synovial
• Joints can be highly movable - for example, the _______
• Partially movable for example, the ______
• Immovable for example, _________________________
• shoulder
• ribs
• suture joints between the plates of the skull
The _________ in conjunction with the skeletal system, allows the movement of internal structures, limbs, and the body as a whole.
muscular system
Muscles can be categorized by their:
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(_______, _______, or ______)
_______________
(_________ or __________)
__________
(________, ________ or ________)
Function
(skeletal, visceral, or cardiac)
Activation Method
(voluntary or involuntary)
Physiology
(smooth, striated, unstrained)
____________ are striated voluntary muscle that are involved in the movement of the skeleton.
Skeletal muscles
It can be intentionally controlled by the animal.
Skeletal muscles
____________ are involuntary unstriated muscles found in the digestive organs and blood vessels of the body.
Smooth or visceral muscles
_____________ function automatically and can not be controlled by the animal.
Smooth or Visceral muscles
___________ is involuntary striated muscle found only in the heart.
Cardiac muscles
No conscious control of, but it can be regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
Cardiac muscles
Skeletal muscles can be divided into four functional groups:
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• Flexors
• Extensors
• Abductors
• Adductors
Many muscles work in pairs so that when one contracts (flexes or shortens) the other one relaxes (extends or lengthens). This relationship is know as _________
antagonism
Muscles that work together to perform a movement are referred to as __________
synergists
__________ decrease the angle between two lever bones when they contract.
Example: ________
Flexor muscles
Biceps
________ increase the angle between two lever (bones) when they contract.
Example: _______
Extensor muscles
Triceps
__________ move limbs away from the median plane (the middle or main part of the body).
Example: _______
Abduction muscles
Deltoids
__________ pull limbs toward the median plane (middle or main part of the body).
Example: ________
Adductor muscles
Pectoralis Major
• Most __________ attach to two different bones.
• The _________ is on the most stable or least movable bone while the ________ is on the more movable bone.
skeletal muscles
point of origin
insertion point
• Skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of ______ or cells that stretch from one tendon, or connective tissue, to the other tendon.
• These bundles of fibers lie ________ to each other within the muscle sheath making the muscle appear ______ or _______.
• Each bundle consists of fibers, which are individual cells with multiple _______.
fibers
parallel
striped or striated
nuclei
Individual muscle fibers are made up of bundles of _______ enclosed in a series of _______.
They are made up of thick filaments of _______ and thin filaments of _____.
myofibrils
sarcomeres
myosin
actin
• Muscle contraction occurs as a result of a process known as __________
• Each _________ contracts as a result of the actin and myosin filament sliding over each other.
sliding filament action
sarcomere
It is made up of bundles of fibers or cells that stretch from one tendon, or connective tissue, to the other tendon.
Skeletal muscle
These ___________ lie parallel to each other within the muscle sheath making the muscle appear striped or striated.
bundles of fibers
Energy utilized for muscle construction comes primarily from non-protein sources such as _______, _______ and ________.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, body fats
_______ allow the greatest range of movements such as: (8)
• Gliding
• Flexion
• Extension
• Hyperextension
• Rotation
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
