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Biology > Animal Physiology > Flashcards

Animal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What can determine the amount of food a person should consume in a day

A

age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health.

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2
Q

How many calories do adult women and men need per day

A

Women- 1,800-2,400
Men- 2,200-3,000

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3
Q

Give 3 reasons why we need food

A

-Fuel for energy
-Food helps us fight diseases & keep us healthy
-Provides us material for growth & repair of tissues

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4
Q

How much % of our foods should be carbohydrates, proteins and fats

A

Carbohydrates- 50%
Proteins- 30%
Fats- 20%

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5
Q

Name 3 foods that are high in protein

A

Eggs
Fish
Mushrooms
Cheese
Milk
Chicken
Meat

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6
Q

Name 3 foods that are high in fats

A

Salmon
Olive oil
Avocado
Butter
Olives
Coconuts

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7
Q

Name 3 foods that are high in carbs

A

Bread
Honey
Corn
Eggplants
Oranges
Bananas
Grapes

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8
Q

Name the 7 major nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Protein
Water
Minerals
Vitamins
Fats/lipids
(Fibre)

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9
Q

Why do we need fibre

A

To add bulk to our food as it isn’t easily broken down and promote a feeling of fullness

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10
Q

Name the 3 macronutrients

A

Proteins, fats, carbohydrates

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11
Q

What nutrient is found in starchy products

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What 3 elements make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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13
Q

Which enzyme in your saliva breaks down starch

A

Amylase

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14
Q

Where is amylase found

A

In the saliva inside our mouth

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15
Q

Are carbohydrates polymers or monomers

A

Polymers

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16
Q

Which saccharide is bread

A

Polysaccharide

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates broken into in the small intestine

A

Disaccharides then monosaccharides

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18
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate formed by long chains of 3+ units linked together by glycosidic bonds.

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19
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate formed by 2 units linked together by glycosidic bonds.

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20
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

A basic building block of carbohydrate

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21
Q

Name 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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22
Q

Name 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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23
Q

Name 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starches
Fibres
Glycogen

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24
Q

What are the 2 “simple” carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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25
Q

What’s 1 “complex” carbohydrate

A

Polysaccharide

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26
Q

What is a monomer

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

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27
Q

Where are monosaccharides absorbed through

A

Through the lining of the small intestine and into the bloodstream

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28
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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29
Q

Through what process are monosaccharides transported to cells throughout the body + what gets produced

A

Cellular respiration, ATP gets produced

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30
Q

What are 2 characteristics of monosaccharides

A

They are soluble and sweet

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31
Q

What are 3 elements that monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides have

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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32
Q

What is a hexose sugar

A

A monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms

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33
Q

Give 3 examples of hexose sugars

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

34
Q

What is the chemical formula for glucose

A

C6H12O6

35
Q

Where is glucose mainly found in foods

A

Sweet tasting foods like fruits and vegetables

36
Q

What process does this represent?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Name each compound

A

Cellular respiration
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

37
Q

What compound is the main source of energy in respiration

A

Glucose

38
Q

Glucose is a ______ sugar
(How many carbon atoms does it have)

A

Hexose
6

39
Q

Fructose is a _____ sugar
(How many carbon atoms does it have|)

A

Pentose
5

40
Q

What is a pentose sugar

A

A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms

41
Q

What is the molecular formula for fructose

A

C5H10O5

42
Q

What monosaccharide does this represent:
C5H10O5

A

Fructose

43
Q

What can fructose be converted into in the liver for cellular respiration

A

Glucose

44
Q

Galactose is a _____ sugar
(How many carbon atoms does it have)

A

Hexose
6

45
Q

What is the molecular formula for galactose

A

C6H12O6

46
Q

What saccharide are carbohydrates before broken down to monossacharide

A

Disaccharides

47
Q

Through what reaction do monosaccharides form disaccharides

A

Condensation reaction

48
Q

What 2 monosaccharides form sucrose

A

GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE

49
Q

What 2 monosaccharides form lactose

A

GLUCOSE+ GALACTOSE

50
Q

What 2 monosaccharides form maltose

A

GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE

51
Q

Where can maltose be found

A

Germinating seeds

52
Q

How is sucrose transported around to provide sugars to other parts of the plants

A

Sucrose is transported through the phloem

53
Q

Where is lactose mainly found in

A

Mammalian milk

54
Q

What happens when a lactose intolerant person take in lactose

A

Since they don’t produce enough lactase to break down the lactose into glucose and galactose the food wont be absorbed and therefore sent out of the body as quick as possible as a defensive reaction from our body

55
Q

What does heavily branched mean
Give an example of smth that is heavily branched

A

Glycogen for example is heavily branched which means that its branch is separated many times into many branches

56
Q

Why is glycogen heavily branched?

A

allows for more efficient storage and release of glucose

57
Q

Why do we not process cellulose

A

Our guts do not have the enzymes needed to break down cellulose

58
Q

What does cellulose help with in or gut

A

Cellulose helps our gut muscles push food down through the intestines

59
Q

Excess carbohydrates are stored as _____ and _____ in animals

A

Glycogen
Lipids

60
Q

Excess carbohydrates are stored as _____ in fungi

A

Glycogen

61
Q

Excess carbohydrates are stored as _____ and _____ in plants

A

Starch
Lipids

62
Q

What do we store excess carbohydrates as (2)

A

Starch and lipids

63
Q

Excess glucose consumed is stored as ______ for future use

A

Glycogen

64
Q

Animal starch is also known as _____

A

Glycogen

65
Q

Where is starch mainly found

A

Plants (photosynthesising cells in leaves and storage cells in seeds)

66
Q

What are 3 characteristics of starch

A

Compact
Insoluble
Breaks down easily

67
Q

Both lipids and carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen but which one a lot less oxygen

A

Lipids

68
Q

Does lipids or carbohydrates store more energy

A

Lipids store 3x more energy than

69
Q

Name 6 biological processes in the body in which lipids are used

A

Energy storage
Structural component
Building block for hormones
Insulation for temperature regulation
Protective layers around organs
Buoyancy and waterproofing

70
Q

What are the 2 components which lipids are broken by the small intestine

A

Fatty acids
Glycerol

71
Q

Which 2 components are lipid molecules assemble into in the liver

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol

72
Q

Through which reaction does glycerol and the 3 fatty acids form a triglyceride molecule

A

Condensation reaction

73
Q

What is a condensation reaction

A

When 2 molecules are joined and a water molecule is removed as a byproduct

74
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction

A

When a molecule is broken apart into smaller molecules and a water molecule is added to enable this breakdown

75
Q

Which type of fat has a double bond

A

Unsaturated fat

76
Q

Which type of lipid is unhealthy and why

A

Too much saturated lipids is unhealthy as it is solid in the bloodstream and can be compressed smaller and raise bad cholesterol increasing the chance of strokes

77
Q

How many naturally occurring amino acids do we have

A

20

78
Q

Name 3 essential nutrients in a diet

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

79
Q

Which 3 saccharides are carbohydrates made from

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

80
Q

What is a triglyceride made of

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

81
Q

Does the double bond make the lipid more flexible or more compact

A

More flexible

Biology (5 decks)

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