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Animal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What can determine the amount of food a person should consume in a day

A

age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health.

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2
Q

How many calories do adult women and men need per day

A

Women- 1,800-2,400
Men- 2,200-3,000

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3
Q

Give 3 reasons why we need food

A

-Fuel for energy
-Food helps us fight diseases & keep us healthy
-Provides us material for growth & repair of tissues

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4
Q

How much % of our foods should be carbohydrates, proteins and fats

A

Carbohydrates- 50%
Proteins- 30%
Fats- 20%

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5
Q

Name 3 foods that are high in protein

A

Eggs
Fish
Mushrooms
Cheese
Milk
Chicken
Meat

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6
Q

Name 3 foods that are high in fats

A

Salmon
Olive oil
Avocado
Butter
Olives
Coconuts

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7
Q

Name 3 foods that are high in carbs

A

Bread
Honey
Corn
Eggplants
Oranges
Bananas
Grapes

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8
Q

Name the 7 major nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Protein
Water
Minerals
Vitamins
Fats/lipids
(Fibre)

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9
Q

Why do we need fibre

A

To add bulk to our food as it isn’t easily broken down and promote a feeling of fullness

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10
Q

Name the 3 macronutrients

A

Proteins, fats, carbohydrates

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11
Q

What nutrient is found in starchy products

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

What 3 elements make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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13
Q

Which enzyme in your saliva breaks down starch

A

Amylase

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14
Q

Where is amylase found

A

In the saliva inside our mouth

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15
Q

Are carbohydrates polymers or monomers

A

Polymers

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16
Q

Which saccharide is bread

A

Polysaccharide

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17
Q

What are carbohydrates broken into in the small intestine

A

Disaccharides then monosaccharides

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18
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate formed by long chains of 3+ units linked together by glycosidic bonds.

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19
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate formed by 2 units linked together by glycosidic bonds.

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20
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

A basic building block of carbohydrate

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21
Q

Name 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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22
Q

Name 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

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23
Q

Name 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starches
Fibres
Glycogen

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24
Q

What are the 2 “simple” carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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25
What’s 1 “complex” carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
26
What is a monomer
atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers
27
Where are monosaccharides absorbed through
Through the lining of the small intestine and into the bloodstream
28
What is the equation for cellular respiration
Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy
29
Through what process are monosaccharides transported to cells throughout the body + what gets produced
Cellular respiration, ATP gets produced
30
What are 2 characteristics of monosaccharides
They are soluble and sweet
31
What are 3 elements that monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides have
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
32
What is a hexose sugar
A monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
33
Give 3 examples of hexose sugars
Glucose, fructose, galactose
34
What is the chemical formula for glucose
C6H12O6
35
Where is glucose mainly found in foods
Sweet tasting foods like fruits and vegetables
36
What process does this represent? C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Name each compound
Cellular respiration Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
37
What compound is the main source of energy in respiration
Glucose
38
Glucose is a ______ sugar (How many carbon atoms does it have)
Hexose 6
39
Fructose is a _____ sugar (How many carbon atoms does it have|)
Pentose 5
40
What is a pentose sugar
A monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms
41
What is the molecular formula for fructose
C5H10O5
42
What monosaccharide does this represent: C5H10O5
Fructose
43
What can fructose be converted into in the liver for cellular respiration
Glucose
44
Galactose is a _____ sugar (How many carbon atoms does it have)
Hexose 6
45
What is the molecular formula for galactose
C6H12O6
46
What saccharide are carbohydrates before broken down to monossacharide
Disaccharides
47
Through what reaction do monosaccharides form disaccharides
Condensation reaction
48
What 2 monosaccharides form sucrose
GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE
49
What 2 monosaccharides form lactose
GLUCOSE+ GALACTOSE
50
What 2 monosaccharides form maltose
GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE
51
Where can maltose be found
Germinating seeds
52
How is sucrose transported around to provide sugars to other parts of the plants
Sucrose is transported through the phloem
53
Where is lactose mainly found in
Mammalian milk
54
What happens when a lactose intolerant person take in lactose
Since they don’t produce enough lactase to break down the lactose into glucose and galactose the food wont be absorbed and therefore sent out of the body as quick as possible as a defensive reaction from our body
55
What does heavily branched mean Give an example of smth that is heavily branched
Glycogen for example is heavily branched which means that its branch is separated many times into many branches
56
Why is glycogen heavily branched?
allows for more efficient storage and release of glucose
57
Why do we not process cellulose
Our guts do not have the enzymes needed to break down cellulose
58
What does cellulose help with in or gut
Cellulose helps our gut muscles push food down through the intestines
59
Excess carbohydrates are stored as _____ and _____ in animals
Glycogen Lipids
60
Excess carbohydrates are stored as _____ in fungi
Glycogen
61
Excess carbohydrates are stored as _____ and _____ in plants
Starch Lipids
62
What do we store excess carbohydrates as (2)
Starch and lipids
63
Excess glucose consumed is stored as ______ for future use
Glycogen
64
Animal starch is also known as _____
Glycogen
65
Where is starch mainly found
Plants (photosynthesising cells in leaves and storage cells in seeds)
66
What are 3 characteristics of starch
Compact Insoluble Breaks down easily
67
Both lipids and carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen but which one a lot less oxygen
Lipids
68
Does lipids or carbohydrates store more energy
Lipids store 3x more energy than
69
Name 6 biological processes in the body in which lipids are used
Energy storage Structural component Building block for hormones Insulation for temperature regulation Protective layers around organs Buoyancy and waterproofing
70
What are the 2 components which lipids are broken by the small intestine
Fatty acids Glycerol
71
Which 2 components are lipid molecules assemble into in the liver
Triglycerides Cholesterol
72
Through which reaction does glycerol and the 3 fatty acids form a triglyceride molecule
Condensation reaction
73
What is a condensation reaction
When 2 molecules are joined and a water molecule is removed as a byproduct
74
What is a hydrolysis reaction
When a molecule is broken apart into smaller molecules and a water molecule is added to enable this breakdown
75
Which type of fat has a double bond
Unsaturated fat
76
Which type of lipid is unhealthy and why
Too much saturated lipids is unhealthy as it is solid in the bloodstream and can be compressed smaller and raise bad cholesterol increasing the chance of strokes
77
How many naturally occurring amino acids do we have
20
78
Name 3 essential nutrients in a diet
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
79
Which 3 saccharides are carbohydrates made from
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
80
What is a triglyceride made of
3 fatty acids and a glycerol molecule
81
Does the double bond make the lipid more flexible or more compact
More flexible

Biology (5 decks)

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