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General Physiology > Animal Physiology > Flashcards

Animal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The organ system consisting of the skin and its appendages

A

Integumentary System

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2
Q

The outer layer of the skin which contains no blood vessels

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

The epidermis is a superficial covering of […] comprised of an external layer of dead cells sitting on living cells

A

stratified epithelial tissue

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4
Q

The inner layer of the skin which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers

A

Dermis

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5
Q

Each hair follicle has a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers called […] that can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface

A

arrector pili

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6
Q

A principal gland of the skin that release water to cool the body

A

Sweat Glands

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7
Q

A principal gland of the skin that secrete oil substances to lubricate the skin and hair

A

Sebaceous Glands

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8
Q

[…] in the dermis of the skin detect touch, pain, heat, and cold

A

Sensory Receptors

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9
Q

The 4 sensory receptors in the dermis

A
  • Merkel cells
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Paccinian corpuscles
  • free nerve endings
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10
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that respond to very light pressure

A

Merkel cells

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11
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that are sensitive to touch and are found in delicate areas such as the lips and fingertips

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

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12
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that detect pressure

A

Paccinian Corpuscles

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13
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that sense heat, cold, and touch

A

free nerve endings

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14
Q

An organ system that is the framework of the body, comprising of bones and connective tissue

A

Skeletal System

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15
Q

The […] consists of bones on the midline of the body

A

Axial Skeleton
- skull
- vertebrae
- ribs
- sternum

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16
Q

The […] consists of bones coming off the midline of the body

A

Appendicular Skeleton
- forelegs (arms)
- hindlegs (legs)
- pelvic bones

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17
Q

The 4 classes of bones

A
  • long bones
  • flat bones
  • short bones
  • irregular bones
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18
Q

The class of bones found in the limbs which are the supporting columns and levers for the skeletal system and the body

A

Long Bones

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19
Q

The class of bones that protect the body’s organs and serve as an area of muscle attachment

A

Flat Bones

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20
Q

The class of bones that diffuse concussion, diminish friction, and change the direction of tendons

A

Short Bones

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21
Q

The class of bones found in the vertebral column

A

Irregular Bones

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22
Q

The organic matter in bones is mostly […] which gives flexibility and resilience

A

collagen

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23
Q

The inorganic matter in bones is mostly […] which gives rigidity and hardness

A

tricalcium phosphate

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24
Q

The inner core of the bone is soft tissue called […]

A

bone marrow

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25
Q

Some of bone marrow consists of yellow fat called […]

A

yellow marrow

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26
Q

The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue called […]

A

red marrow

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27
Q

Bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an embryo in a process called […]

A

endochondral ossification

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28
Q

The bone-forming cells are known as […]

A

osteoblasts

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29
Q

Osteoblasts develop into mature bone cells called […]

A

osteocytes

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30
Q

Bone formation occurs at the […]

A

growth plate

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31
Q

Primary ossification occurs at the […]

A

metaphyseal growth plate

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32
Q

Secondary ossification occurs at the […], found at the center of the epiphysis

A

epiphyseal growth plate

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33
Q

[…] binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage

A

Connective Tissue

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34
Q

The 4 types of connective tissue

A
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • cartilage
  • fascia
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35
Q

A type of connective tissue that connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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36
Q

A type of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

A

Tendons

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37
Q

A type of connective tissue that provide support and cushion to various body parts

A

cartilage

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38
Q

A type of connective tissue found between the skin and underlying muscle or bone

A

Fascia

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39
Q

The 3 types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
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40
Q

A type of cartilage found on the ends of bones and acts as cushioning in joints

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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41
Q

A type of cartilage that makes up body parts such as the ears

A

Elastic Cartilage

42
Q

A type of cartilage that provides cushioning between the intervertebral discs

A

Fibrocartilage

43
Q

The layer of the fascia that is attached to the skin

A

Superficial Fascia

44
Q

The layer of the fascia that covers the muscle or bone

A

Deep Fascia

45
Q

[…] are articulations between bones

A

Joints

46
Q

The 3 types of joints

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
47
Q

A type of joint that are immovable, connecting bones with fibrous tissue

A

fibrous joint

48
Q

A type of joint that are partially movable, connecting bones with cartilage

A

cartilaginous joint

49
Q

A type of joint that are highly movable, connecting bones with a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule

A

synovial joint

50
Q

Movement of the Body

In the sagittal (anterior-posterior) plane of motion

A
  • flexion (anterior)
  • extension (posterior)
51
Q

Movement of the Body

In the coronal (medial-lateral) plane of motion

A
  • abduction (lateral; away from midline)
  • adduction (medial; toward midline)
52
Q

Movement of the Body

In a circular pattern using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction

A

circumduction

53
Q

Movement of the Body

Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body

A

rotation

54
Q

Movement of the Body

Flat bone surfaces move past each other

A

Gliding

55
Q

Movement of the Body

Abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion

A

Hyperextension

56
Q

The organ system that allows the movement of internal structures, limbs, and the body as a whole

A

Muscular System

57
Q

Muscles can be categorized by their […], […], and […]

A
  • function
  • activation method
  • physiology
58
Q

[…] are muscles involved in the movement of the skeleton

A

Skeletal muscles
- skeletal
- voluntary
- striated

59
Q

[…] are muscles found in the digestive organs and blood vessels

A

Visceral muscles
- visceral
- involuntary
- not striated

60
Q

[…] are muscles found only in the heart

A

Cardiac muscles
- cardiac
- involuntary
- striated

61
Q

The 4 functional groups of skeletal muscles

A
  • flexors
  • extensors
  • abductors
  • adductors
62
Q

A relationship in muscles wherein they work in pairs so that when one contracts, the other relaxes

A

Antagonism

63
Q

Muscles that work together to perform a movement are called […]

A

synergists

64
Q

A functional group of muscles that decrease the angle between two lever bones when they contract

A

Flexor Muscles
- biceps

65
Q

A functional group of muscles that increase the angle between two lever bones when they contract

A

Extensor Muscles
- triceps

66
Q

A functional group of muscles that move limbs away from the median plane

A

Abduction Muscles
- deltoids

67
Q

A functional group of muscles that pull limbs toward the median plane

A

Adductor Muscles
- pectoralis major

68
Q

Individual muscle fibers are made up of bundles of […] enclosed in a series of […]. They are made up of thick filaments of […] and thin filaments of […]

A
  • myofibrils
  • sarcomeres
  • myosin
  • actin
69
Q

Muscle contraction occurs as a result of a process called […] wherein each individual sarcomere contracts as a result of the actin and myosin filament sliding over each other

A

sliding filament action

70
Q

Energy utilized for muscle contraction comes primarily from non-protein sources such as […], […], and […]

A
  • ATP
  • glycogen
  • fats
71
Q

The organ system responsible for distributing nutrients and removing wastes throughout the body

A

Circulatory System

72
Q

The organ system responsible for draining fluid from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection

A

Lymphatic System

73
Q

The 5 types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • veins
  • venules
  • capillaries
74
Q

[…] are blood vessels involved in the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and gases to and from cells

A

Capillaries

75
Q

The 2 main circulation systems of the body

A
  • pulmonary system
  • systemic system
76
Q

A main circulation system that delivers blood to and from the lungs

A

Pulmonary System

77
Q

A main circulation system that circulates blood throughout the rest of the body

A

Systemic System

78
Q

The 4 main components of blood

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • thrombocytes
  • plasma
79
Q

[…] are cells responsible for the body’s immune response against infection

A

Hemoglobin Cells

80
Q

The 2 types of leukocytes

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
81
Q

[…] is a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus, which plays a role in clotting

A

Thrombocytes

82
Q

[…] is the yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels. composed of 90% water

A

Plasma

83
Q

[…] are thin-walled and blind-ended, originating in the body tissue and take lymph towards the heart

A

Lymph Vessels

84
Q

[…] filter lymph and act as a barrier against infection by harboring lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells

A

Lymph nodes

85
Q

The organ system that breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by cells

A

Digestive System

86
Q

The 5 stages of the digestive process

A
  • biting
  • chewing
  • swallowing & mixing
  • digestion & absorption
  • excretion
87
Q

[…] is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and molecules small enough to pass across intestinal walls

A

Digestion

88
Q

The 3 animal groups based on their digestive systems

A
  • ruminant (multiple stomachs)
  • monogastric (one stomach)
  • hindgut (large cecum)
89
Q

The 4 stomachs of ruminant animals

A
  • rumen
  • reticulum
  • abomasum
  • omasum
90
Q

Food moves down the esophagus to the stomach in a wave-like motion called […]

A

peristalsis

91
Q

The […] is a storage chamber that holds food particles

A

non-ruminant stomach

92
Q

The 3 parts of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
93
Q

The highly vesiculated, finger-like projections inside the small intestine that increase absorptive surface area

A

Villi

94
Q

The 5 parts of the large intestine

A
  • cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
95
Q

The […] is made up of an endocrine and exocrine gland

A

pancreas

96
Q

The […] is where bile is stored

A

gallbladder

97
Q

The glandular stomach of poultry is called […]

A

proventriculus

98
Q

The organ system responsible for the exchange of gases in the body

A

Respiratory System

99
Q

The 6 components of the respiratory system

A
  • lungs
  • nostrils
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
100
Q

Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called the […]

A

medulla oblongata

General Physiology (4 decks)

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