Animal Physiology Flashcards
The organ system consisting of the skin and its appendages
Integumentary System
The outer layer of the skin which contains no blood vessels
Epidermis
The epidermis is a superficial covering of […] comprised of an external layer of dead cells sitting on living cells
stratified epithelial tissue
The inner layer of the skin which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers
Dermis
Each hair follicle has a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers called […] that can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface
arrector pili
A principal gland of the skin that release water to cool the body
Sweat Glands
A principal gland of the skin that secrete oil substances to lubricate the skin and hair
Sebaceous Glands
[…] in the dermis of the skin detect touch, pain, heat, and cold
Sensory Receptors
The 4 sensory receptors in the dermis
- Merkel cells
- Meissner’s corpuscles
- Paccinian corpuscles
- free nerve endings
A sensory receptor in the dermis that respond to very light pressure
Merkel cells
A sensory receptor in the dermis that are sensitive to touch and are found in delicate areas such as the lips and fingertips
Meissner’s Corpuscles
A sensory receptor in the dermis that detect pressure
Paccinian Corpuscles
A sensory receptor in the dermis that sense heat, cold, and touch
free nerve endings
An organ system that is the framework of the body, comprising of bones and connective tissue
Skeletal System
The […] consists of bones on the midline of the body
Axial Skeleton
- skull
- vertebrae
- ribs
- sternum
The […] consists of bones coming off the midline of the body
Appendicular Skeleton
- forelegs (arms)
- hindlegs (legs)
- pelvic bones
The 4 classes of bones
- long bones
- flat bones
- short bones
- irregular bones
The class of bones found in the limbs which are the supporting columns and levers for the skeletal system and the body
Long Bones
The class of bones that protect the body’s organs and serve as an area of muscle attachment
Flat Bones
The class of bones that diffuse concussion, diminish friction, and change the direction of tendons
Short Bones
The class of bones found in the vertebral column
Irregular Bones
The organic matter in bones is mostly […] which gives flexibility and resilience
collagen
The inorganic matter in bones is mostly […] which gives rigidity and hardness
tricalcium phosphate
The inner core of the bone is soft tissue called […]
bone marrow
Some of bone marrow consists of yellow fat called […]
yellow marrow
The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue called […]
red marrow
Bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an embryo in a process called […]
endochondral ossification
The bone-forming cells are known as […]
osteoblasts
Osteoblasts develop into mature bone cells called […]
osteocytes
Bone formation occurs at the […]
growth plate
Primary ossification occurs at the […]
metaphyseal growth plate
Secondary ossification occurs at the […], found at the center of the epiphysis
epiphyseal growth plate
[…] binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage
Connective Tissue
The 4 types of connective tissue
- ligaments
- tendons
- cartilage
- fascia
A type of connective tissue that connect bone to bone
Ligaments
A type of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
Tendons
A type of connective tissue that provide support and cushion to various body parts
cartilage
A type of connective tissue found between the skin and underlying muscle or bone
Fascia
The 3 types of cartilage
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
A type of cartilage found on the ends of bones and acts as cushioning in joints
Hyaline Cartilage
A type of cartilage that makes up body parts such as the ears
Elastic Cartilage
A type of cartilage that provides cushioning between the intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
The layer of the fascia that is attached to the skin
Superficial Fascia
The layer of the fascia that covers the muscle or bone
Deep Fascia
[…] are articulations between bones
Joints
The 3 types of joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
A type of joint that are immovable, connecting bones with fibrous tissue
fibrous joint
A type of joint that are partially movable, connecting bones with cartilage
cartilaginous joint
A type of joint that are highly movable, connecting bones with a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule
synovial joint
Movement of the Body
In the sagittal (anterior-posterior) plane of motion
- flexion (anterior)
- extension (posterior)
Movement of the Body
In the coronal (medial-lateral) plane of motion
- abduction (lateral; away from midline)
- adduction (medial; toward midline)
Movement of the Body
In a circular pattern using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction
circumduction
Movement of the Body
Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body
rotation
Movement of the Body
Flat bone surfaces move past each other
Gliding
Movement of the Body
Abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion
Hyperextension
The organ system that allows the movement of internal structures, limbs, and the body as a whole
Muscular System
Muscles can be categorized by their […], […], and […]
- function
- activation method
- physiology
[…] are muscles involved in the movement of the skeleton
Skeletal muscles
- skeletal
- voluntary
- striated
[…] are muscles found in the digestive organs and blood vessels
Visceral muscles
- visceral
- involuntary
- not striated
[…] are muscles found only in the heart
Cardiac muscles
- cardiac
- involuntary
- striated
The 4 functional groups of skeletal muscles
- flexors
- extensors
- abductors
- adductors
A relationship in muscles wherein they work in pairs so that when one contracts, the other relaxes
Antagonism
Muscles that work together to perform a movement are called […]
synergists
A functional group of muscles that decrease the angle between two lever bones when they contract
Flexor Muscles
- biceps
A functional group of muscles that increase the angle between two lever bones when they contract
Extensor Muscles
- triceps
A functional group of muscles that move limbs away from the median plane
Abduction Muscles
- deltoids
A functional group of muscles that pull limbs toward the median plane
Adductor Muscles
- pectoralis major
Individual muscle fibers are made up of bundles of […] enclosed in a series of […]. They are made up of thick filaments of […] and thin filaments of […]
- myofibrils
- sarcomeres
- myosin
- actin
Muscle contraction occurs as a result of a process called […] wherein each individual sarcomere contracts as a result of the actin and myosin filament sliding over each other
sliding filament action
Energy utilized for muscle contraction comes primarily from non-protein sources such as […], […], and […]
- ATP
- glycogen
- fats
The organ system responsible for distributing nutrients and removing wastes throughout the body
Circulatory System
The organ system responsible for draining fluid from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection
Lymphatic System
The 5 types of blood vessels
- arteries
- arterioles
- veins
- venules
- capillaries
[…] are blood vessels involved in the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and gases to and from cells
Capillaries
The 2 main circulation systems of the body
- pulmonary system
- systemic system
A main circulation system that delivers blood to and from the lungs
Pulmonary System
A main circulation system that circulates blood throughout the rest of the body
Systemic System
The 4 main components of blood
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
- plasma
[…] are cells responsible for the body’s immune response against infection
Hemoglobin Cells
The 2 types of leukocytes
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
[…] is a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus, which plays a role in clotting
Thrombocytes
[…] is the yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels. composed of 90% water
Plasma
[…] are thin-walled and blind-ended, originating in the body tissue and take lymph towards the heart
Lymph Vessels
[…] filter lymph and act as a barrier against infection by harboring lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells
Lymph nodes
The organ system that breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by cells
Digestive System
The 5 stages of the digestive process
- biting
- chewing
- swallowing & mixing
- digestion & absorption
- excretion
[…] is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and molecules small enough to pass across intestinal walls
Digestion
The 3 animal groups based on their digestive systems
- ruminant (multiple stomachs)
- monogastric (one stomach)
- hindgut (large cecum)
The 4 stomachs of ruminant animals
- rumen
- reticulum
- abomasum
- omasum
Food moves down the esophagus to the stomach in a wave-like motion called […]
peristalsis
The […] is a storage chamber that holds food particles
non-ruminant stomach
The 3 parts of the small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
The highly vesiculated, finger-like projections inside the small intestine that increase absorptive surface area
Villi
The 5 parts of the large intestine
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
The […] is made up of an endocrine and exocrine gland
pancreas
The […] is where bile is stored
gallbladder
The glandular stomach of poultry is called […]
proventriculus
The organ system responsible for the exchange of gases in the body
Respiratory System
The 6 components of the respiratory system
- lungs
- nostrils
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called the […]
medulla oblongata
