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Animal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The organ system consisting of the skin and its appendages

A

Integumentary System

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2
Q

The outer layer of the skin which contains no blood vessels

A

Epidermis

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3
Q

The epidermis is a superficial covering of […] comprised of an external layer of dead cells sitting on living cells

A

stratified epithelial tissue

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4
Q

The inner layer of the skin which contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers

A

Dermis

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5
Q

Each hair follicle has a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers called […] that can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface

A

arrector pili

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6
Q

A principal gland of the skin that release water to cool the body

A

Sweat Glands

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7
Q

A principal gland of the skin that secrete oil substances to lubricate the skin and hair

A

Sebaceous Glands

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8
Q

[…] in the dermis of the skin detect touch, pain, heat, and cold

A

Sensory Receptors

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9
Q

The 4 sensory receptors in the dermis

A
  • Merkel cells
  • Meissner’s corpuscles
  • Paccinian corpuscles
  • free nerve endings
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10
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that respond to very light pressure

A

Merkel cells

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11
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that are sensitive to touch and are found in delicate areas such as the lips and fingertips

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

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12
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that detect pressure

A

Paccinian Corpuscles

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13
Q

A sensory receptor in the dermis that sense heat, cold, and touch

A

free nerve endings

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14
Q

An organ system that is the framework of the body, comprising of bones and connective tissue

A

Skeletal System

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15
Q

The […] consists of bones on the midline of the body

A

Axial Skeleton
- skull
- vertebrae
- ribs
- sternum

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16
Q

The […] consists of bones coming off the midline of the body

A

Appendicular Skeleton
- forelegs (arms)
- hindlegs (legs)
- pelvic bones

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17
Q

The 4 classes of bones

A
  • long bones
  • flat bones
  • short bones
  • irregular bones
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18
Q

The class of bones found in the limbs which are the supporting columns and levers for the skeletal system and the body

A

Long Bones

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19
Q

The class of bones that protect the body’s organs and serve as an area of muscle attachment

A

Flat Bones

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20
Q

The class of bones that diffuse concussion, diminish friction, and change the direction of tendons

A

Short Bones

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21
Q

The class of bones found in the vertebral column

A

Irregular Bones

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22
Q

The organic matter in bones is mostly […] which gives flexibility and resilience

A

collagen

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23
Q

The inorganic matter in bones is mostly […] which gives rigidity and hardness

A

tricalcium phosphate

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24
Q

The inner core of the bone is soft tissue called […]

A

bone marrow

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25
Some of bone marrow consists of yellow fat called [...]
yellow marrow
26
The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue called [...]
red marrow
27
Bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an embryo in a process called [...]
endochondral ossification
28
The bone-forming cells are known as [...]
osteoblasts
29
Osteoblasts develop into mature bone cells called [...]
osteocytes
30
Bone formation occurs at the [...]
growth plate
31
Primary ossification occurs at the [...]
metaphyseal growth plate
32
Secondary ossification occurs at the [...], found at the center of the epiphysis
epiphyseal growth plate
33
[...] binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage
Connective Tissue
34
The 4 types of connective tissue
- ligaments - tendons - cartilage - fascia
35
A type of connective tissue that connect bone to bone
Ligaments
36
A type of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
Tendons
37
A type of connective tissue that provide support and cushion to various body parts
cartilage
38
A type of connective tissue found between the skin and underlying muscle or bone
Fascia
39
The 3 types of cartilage
- hyaline cartilage - elastic cartilage - fibrocartilage
40
A type of cartilage found on the ends of bones and acts as cushioning in joints
Hyaline Cartilage
41
A type of cartilage that makes up body parts such as the ears
Elastic Cartilage
42
A type of cartilage that provides cushioning between the intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
43
The layer of the fascia that is attached to the skin
Superficial Fascia
44
The layer of the fascia that covers the muscle or bone
Deep Fascia
45
[...] are articulations between bones
Joints
46
The 3 types of joints
- fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial
47
A type of joint that are immovable, connecting bones with fibrous tissue
fibrous joint
48
A type of joint that are partially movable, connecting bones with cartilage
cartilaginous joint
49
A type of joint that are highly movable, connecting bones with a fluid-filled joint cavity contained within a fibrous capsule
synovial joint
50
**Movement of the Body** In the sagittal (anterior-posterior) plane of motion
- flexion (anterior) - extension (posterior)
51
**Movement of the Body** In the coronal (medial-lateral) plane of motion
- abduction (lateral; away from midline) - adduction (medial; toward midline)
52
**Movement of the Body** In a circular pattern using the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and abduction
circumduction
53
**Movement of the Body** Turning of the head side to side or twisting of the body
rotation
54
**Movement of the Body** Flat bone surfaces move past each other
Gliding
55
**Movement of the Body** Abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion
Hyperextension
56
The organ system that allows the movement of internal structures, limbs, and the body as a whole
Muscular System
57
Muscles can be categorized by their [...], [...], and [...]
- function - activation method - physiology
58
[...] are muscles involved in the movement of the skeleton
Skeletal muscles - skeletal - voluntary - striated
59
[...] are muscles found in the digestive organs and blood vessels
Visceral muscles - visceral - involuntary - not striated
60
[...] are muscles found only in the heart
Cardiac muscles - cardiac - involuntary - striated
61
The 4 functional groups of skeletal muscles
- flexors - extensors - abductors - adductors
62
A relationship in muscles wherein they work in pairs so that when one contracts, the other relaxes
Antagonism
63
Muscles that work together to perform a movement are called [...]
synergists
64
A functional group of muscles that decrease the angle between two lever bones when they contract
Flexor Muscles - biceps
65
A functional group of muscles that increase the angle between two lever bones when they contract
Extensor Muscles - triceps
66
A functional group of muscles that move limbs away from the median plane
Abduction Muscles - deltoids
67
A functional group of muscles that pull limbs toward the median plane
Adductor Muscles - pectoralis major
68
Individual muscle fibers are made up of bundles of [...] enclosed in a series of [...]. They are made up of thick filaments of [...] and thin filaments of [...]
- myofibrils - sarcomeres - myosin - actin
69
Muscle contraction occurs as a result of a process called [...] wherein each individual sarcomere contracts as a result of the actin and myosin filament sliding over each other
sliding filament action
70
Energy utilized for muscle contraction comes primarily from non-protein sources such as [...], [...], and [...]
- ATP - glycogen - fats
71
The organ system responsible for distributing nutrients and removing wastes throughout the body
Circulatory System
72
The organ system responsible for draining fluid from the body and is an important defense mechanism against infection
Lymphatic System
73
The 5 types of blood vessels
- arteries - arterioles - veins - venules - capillaries
74
[...] are blood vessels involved in the transfer of oxygen, nutrients, and gases to and from cells
Capillaries
75
The 2 main circulation systems of the body
- pulmonary system - systemic system
76
A main circulation system that delivers blood to and from the lungs
Pulmonary System
77
A main circulation system that circulates blood throughout the rest of the body
Systemic System
78
The 4 main components of blood
- erythrocytes - leukocytes - thrombocytes - plasma
79
[...] are cells responsible for the body's immune response against infection
Hemoglobin Cells
80
The 2 types of leukocytes
- granulocytes - agranulocytes
81
[...] is a fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus, which plays a role in clotting
Thrombocytes
82
[...] is the yellowish extracellular fluid found in blood vessels. composed of 90% water
Plasma
83
[...] are thin-walled and blind-ended, originating in the body tissue and take lymph towards the heart
Lymph Vessels
84
[...] filter lymph and act as a barrier against infection by harboring lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells
Lymph nodes
85
The organ system that breaks down various nutrients found in feed into molecules that can be used by cells
Digestive System
86
The 5 stages of the digestive process
- biting - chewing - swallowing & mixing - digestion & absorption - excretion
87
[...] is the chemical breakdown of complex food into simple nutrients and molecules small enough to pass across intestinal walls
Digestion
88
The 3 animal groups based on their digestive systems
- ruminant (multiple stomachs) - monogastric (one stomach) - hindgut (large cecum)
89
The 4 stomachs of ruminant animals
- rumen - reticulum - abomasum - omasum
90
Food moves down the esophagus to the stomach in a wave-like motion called [...]
peristalsis
91
The [...] is a storage chamber that holds food particles
non-ruminant stomach
92
The 3 parts of the small intestine
- duodenum - jejunum - ileum
93
The highly vesiculated, finger-like projections inside the small intestine that increase absorptive surface area
Villi
94
The 5 parts of the large intestine
- cecum - ascending colon - transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon
95
The [...] is made up of an endocrine and exocrine gland
pancreas
96
The [...] is where bile is stored
gallbladder
97
The glandular stomach of poultry is called [...]
proventriculus
98
The organ system responsible for the exchange of gases in the body
Respiratory System
99
The 6 components of the respiratory system
- lungs - nostrils - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea
100
Breathing rates of animals are controlled by nerve cells in a portion of the brain called the [...]
medulla oblongata

General Physiology (4 decks)

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