Animal physiology Flashcards
Cellular respiration
The break down of glucose to release energy
Aerobic respiration
Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen
Aerobic respiration formula
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration when oxygen demand is greater than oxygen supply
Aerobic respiration formula
Glucose -> lactic acid + energy
Order of impulse transmission
Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
Motor neuron
Effector
Response
Reflexes
Rapid, automatic and involuntary responses to stimuli - coordinated by the brain or spinal cord
What causes inhalation?
Contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that increase the volume of the chest cavity
SAN
Sinoatrial node - the heart’s intrinsic pacemaker
What causes the SAN to fire more rapidly?
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
Adrenaline
AVN
Atrio-ventricular node - delays the wave of excitation from the SAN between the atria and ventricles so that they contract separately
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestines
Where is protease produced?
(Pepsin) in stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Where is lipase produced?
Pancreas and small intestine
Order or digestive tract
Mouth -> oesophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus
Accessory digestive organs
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Mouth
Partial digestion of carbohydrates by amylase produced by the salivary glands. Chewing breaks up the food into smaller pieces for easier digestion
Oesophagus
Food pushed down by regular contractions (peristalsis)
Stomach
Stores food to slow down its progression along the digestive system. Breaks food up by muscular contractions. Partial digestion of proteins by the enzyme pepsin (a protease). Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and allow pepsin to work.
Liver
Produces bile, which neutralises stomach acid (so it doesn’t burn a hole in your small intestine) and helps break up fat globules into smaller globules (emulsification)
Gall Bladder
Stores bile and releases it when needed
Pancreas
Produces a whole host of enzymes (amylase, protease and lipase) that help digestion. Its secretions also help neutralise stomach acid
Small intestine
Absorption of digested nutrients. Also produces amylase, protease and lipase.
Large intestine
Absorption of water from undigested food
