Animal Nutrition & Growth: Feedstuffs, Nutrients, Nutrition for Monogastrics and Ruminants Flashcards
Energy feeds characteristics
Grains
- High in energy
- Low in protein
Example:
Corn- Energy = 100%
Protein =7.1-10%
Types of Grains
Corn, barley, molasses, milo, oats, wheat
Roughages characteristics
- High in fiber
- Low in protein
- Low in energy
Types of roughages
Silage, grass, corn silage
Forages Characteristics
- High in fiber
- High in protein
- Low in energy
Types of forages
Hay, Alfalfa
Fats & Oils characteristics
- Contain 2.25 times more energy than carbs
- Added in feed to supply: energy, dust control, essential fatty acids
Types of fats and oils
Animal fats and plant oils
Protein feeds characteristics
- Protein concentrates
- High in protein
- low in energy
Types of protein feeds
- Vegetable Oil: soybean meal, cottonseed meal, linseed meal
- Animal protein: meat meal, fish meal - causes fishy odor
What are the 4 types of feedstuffs?
- Energy feeds
- Roughages and forages
- Fats and oils
- Protien feeds
What are the 6 nutrients?
- Water
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
- Minerals
- Vitamins
Water
- Most important nutrient
- Universal solvent
- Most available nutrient
Carbohydrates
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- Starch primary source
Fats (lipids)
- More carbon and hydrogen
- 2.25 times more energy/lb than carbs
- Energy and fatty acids
Proteins
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- Simple protiens contain only amino acids
- Complex proteins contain additional non amino acid substances
Minerals
- Chemical elements other than ones above
- Macro minerals: required in larger amounts
- Micro minerals: required in smaller amounts
Vitamins
- Organic nutrients needed in small amounts
- Fat soluble: A, D, E, K
- Water soluble: Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C), biotin, choline, B12, folic acid, Niacin, thiamin, riboflavin b
What is a maintenance diet for?
- Steady state at which the animal is not gaining or losing weight
- Maintenance energy is used to maintain basal metabolism
What is a production diet for?
- Semen, ova, ovum production
- Fetal growth and development
- Animal growth
- Milk, meat, eggs, wool production
Nutrient requirements for non-ruminant (monogastric) nutrition
- Concentrates (Cereal grains: corn, wheat, barley) and Oil Meal (SBM, CSM, LSM) are the most common feed
- Low in fiber
- High in digestable energy
What animals would eat monogastric diets?
Swine, poultry, equine. Animals with only one stomach
Nutrient requirements for Ruminant animals
- Grasses (pasture) and forages (hays)
- High in fiber
- Low in digestable energy
What are concentrates (cereal grains) high in?
Energy
What are concentrates (cereal grains) low in?
Fiber
Which animals have starch as the primary source of carbohydrates in their diet?
Swine and poultry
What nutrient must monogastric animals convert to glucose to assure absorption?
Carbohydrates
What sugar are ruminant animals best equipped to utilize?
Cellulose
Where is cellulose digested the best in ruminant animals?
The rumen
What 3 elements do carbohydrates mostly consist of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What 3 nutrients do fats consist of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. There is a larger proportion of carbon and hydrogen in fats than carbohydrates
How are essential amino acids retrieved by an animal?
Through their dietd via microbial action
Are nonessential amino acids required by the animal for normal growth?
Yes, but they can be synthesized by the animal
If a protein contains only amino acids, what is it called?
A simple protein
If a protein contains additional non-amino acid substances, such as hemoglobin, carbohydrates, or lipids, what is it?
A complex protein
Why are minerals considered inorganic?
They contain no carbon
What type of minerals are required in larger amounts?
macro
What type of minerals are required in smaller amounts?
micro
What minerals are required for bone growth and repair?
Calcium and phosphorus
What can microminerals become a part of?
A part of a vitamin and a part of a hormone
What are organic nutrients needed in very small amounts to provide specific body functions in an animal?
Vitamins
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E, K
What does Vitamin A do?
Maintains proper repair of internal and external body linings, helps the eyes
What does Vitain D do?
Regulates the absorption of calcium and phosophorus from the intestine. It aids in bone growth and repair
What does Vitamin D do?
Relates to sunlight exposure
What is Vitamin K important for?
Blood clotting and hemorrage prevention
What are the water soluble vitamins?
ascorbic acid (vitamin c), biotin, choline, B12, folic acid, Niacin, thiamin, riboflavin b
In ruminant animals, where do microorganisms make all of the water soluble vitamins?
The rumen
Why are water soluble vitamins readily availible to horses?
Some are made by fermentation in the cecum
Can water soluble vitamins be synthesized by monogastric animals? If no, where do monogastric animals intake them?
No, they ingest them through feed
What are limiting amino acids?
Those not provided in sufficient quanitity to allow for the normal synthesis of protein
What should a producer do about limiting amino acids?
they should make sure their diet formulations assure that limiting amino acids are sufficiently abundant to assure normal protein formation
What do amino acids do?
They are the building blocks for growth of muscle, bone, and connective tissue. They help milk production and cellular and tissue repair
When does growth occur in an animal?
When protein synthesis is in excess of protien breakdown
Why do young animals need greater protien requirements?
Dry matter of muscle and connective tissue is composed of protein, so they utilize it as a muscle building factory
What is compensatory growth?
A situation where above-average growth rates are realized when nutritional conditions improve
What is animal growth?
Increase in the animal size and increase in structured tissues (bone, muscle, connective tissues, organs, fats)
What growth always happens first in an animal?
Bone and muscle
What is animal growth measured by?
Increase in weight and width
Increase in length and height
What 2 factors affect animal growth?
Genetics and environment
What are the genetic factors that affect growth?
- Breed: different breeds will grow at different rates
- Gender
- Inheritance: The ability of the animal to inherit genetic factors for average daily gain
- Genetic imbalances of GH or thyroxine
What are the environmental factors that affect growth?
- Physical environment
- Favorable or unfavorable conditions
- Plane of nutrition
- Antibiotics and environment
- Implants
Gender differences in cattle: Lean accretion/growth
1st. Bull
2nd. Steer
3rd. Heifer
Gender differences in cattle: Fat accretion and deposit
1st. Heifer
2nd. Steer
3rd. Bull
Gender differences in pigs: Lean accretion and growth
1st. Boar
2nd. Gilt
3rd. Barrow
Gender differences in pigs: Fat accretion and depost
1st. Barrow
2nd. Gilt
3rd. Boar
Under cold temperature stress, what is their feed consumption like?
Feed intake: Animal is at lower critical temperature, and eats more feed to get to thermoneutral zone
Feed efficiency: decreases
% Crude Protein: reduce % crude protein in diet
Under heat stress, what is an animals feed intake like?
They consume less feed
What is the DMB for finishing lambs and cattle?
1.5-2%
What is the DMB for old animals?
1.5-2%
What is the DMB for dairy cows?
3.8-4%
What is the DMB for Swine?
3.5 - 5.5%
