Animal: Lecture 3 Flashcards
Animals have systems that..?
Perceive and respond to changes in their internal and eternal environments.
Requirements of perception and response?
Informational flow (communication)
- Chemical and or electrical signalling between cells coordinates responses at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels.
What are the major systems that control responses to stimuli?
The nervous and endocrine systems are the major systems that control responses to stimuli and coordinate body activities (and maintain homeostasis).
Specialization of endocrine and nervous systems?
The endocrine and nervous systems are specialized for different functions, despite both being involved with communication.
Endocrine system signalling?
Signal type = hormone
Transmission = blood and blood vessels
Speed = fast (adrenaline) or slow (puberty and most things)
Duration = short (adrenaline) or slow (puberty)
Specificity is achieved by hormone/receptor interaction. One hormone goes to cell because of the receptors, correct hormone connects with correct receptors.
Nervous system signalling?
Signal type = electrical impulse and chemical neurotransmitter
Transmission = neuron
Speed = very fast
Duration = short
Specificity is achieved by close connection of neurons and target cells (neurons, muscle, endocrine cells).
Endocrine system specialization?
The endocrine system is specialized fr coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body.
Ex. Growth, development, reproduction, metabolic processes, and digestion. (hormone = endocrine)
Nervous system specialization?
The nervous system is specialized for directing immediate and rapid responses to the environment.
Ex. Rapid locomotion and behaviour.
What system is involved with maintaining the blood calcium levels within an appropriate range?
The endocrine system.
What was the system that was involved with the response of the octopus?
The nervous system.
What is the nervous system composed of?
Neurons and glia.
What are neurons?
Cells responsible for generating and transmitting the electrochemical impulses of the nervous system.
What are glia?
Cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, nourish, and provide support and protection for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Difference between the neurons and the glia?
Neurons = basic unit of the nervous system
Glia = support cells of the nervous system
How do neurons work in communicating?
Electrical impulses are triggered at the dendrites. With sufficient stimulus to the cell body, a new electrical impulse is generated and sent down the axon. Neurotransmitter is released and crosses the synapse to bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
PNS?
Cranial nerves, Ganglia outside the CNS, Spinal nerves.
Ganglia?
Concentrations of neuron cell bodies.
Nerves?
Bundles of axons.
Information processing is composed of?
3 different stages:
1. Sensory input from sensor
2. Integration in brain (CNS)
3. Motor input in effector
Reflex cycle?
- Sensory intake (stimulus)
- Cell body of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion
- Grey matter
- one goes to interneuron, other goes to motor neuron
- Hamstring is told to relax
- Quadrilateral is told to contract
What do endocrine cells do?
Endocrine cells secrete hormones into the bloodstream, affecting target cells to regulate physiology and behaviour.
Major endocrine glands?
- Hypothalamus
- Pineal gland
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Ovaries
- Testes
- Thymus
- Heart
- Liver
- Stomach
- Kidneys
- Small intestine
Hypothalamus?
Hypothalamus is a brain region that acts as the “master regulator” of the endocrine system, primarily through the pituitary gland.