Animal Form & Function Flashcards
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy: Study of biological form
Physiology: Study of biological function
What are convergent and divergent evolution? Give an example for each.
Convergent: Tuna, penguin, seal (fusiform shape)
Divergent: Darwin’s finches
What fluid are cells immersed in inside vertebrates?
Interstitial fluid
What is a term for the movement of material in and out of cells?
Exchange
What is the hierarchical organisation of body plans?
Specialised cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ systems
How many organs systems are in our body? Name at least 5.
Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, immune & lymphatic, excretory, endocrine, reproductive…
What are the 4 main categories of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Where in the body can epithelial tissue be found? What is its function? What is it made of?
It covers the outside of the body and lines organs/cavities inside the body. It is made of closely joined cells.
What are the layers of an epithelium?
From top to bottom: Apical surface, basal surface, basal lamina
Where in the body can connective tissue be found? What is its function? What is it made of?
It mainly binds and supports other tissues. It is made of sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix (which consists of fibers).
What are the 3 types of connective tissue fibres? What are their functions?
Collagenous: Provide strength & flexibility
Elastic: Stretch and snap back to original length
Reticular: Join connective tissues to adjacent tissues
What are the cells found in connective tissues?
Fibroblasts: Secrete protein of extracellular fibres
Macrophages: Involved in immune system
What are the 6 major types of connective tissue in vertebrates? Where can they be found? What do they do?
Loose connective tissue: Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
Cartilage: Strong & flexible support material
Fibrous connective tissue: Found in tendons & ligaments
Adipose tissue: Stores fat for insulation & fuel
Blood: Transports materials and nutrients across body
Bone: Mineralised and forms the skeleton
Where in the body can muscle tissue be found? What is its function? What is it made of?
Found in muscles, it aids in movement and locomotion. It consists of muscle fibres which contract in response to nerve signals.
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue in vertebrates?
Skeletal/striated muscle: Responsible for voluntary movement
Smooth muscle: Responsible for involuntary body activities
Cardiac muscle: Responsible for heart contraction
