Animal Diversity Anemone Paper

Question 1

Contest theory predicts the evolution of a stable…

Answer 1

mixture of different strategies for fighting

Question 2

Which sea anemone was studied in this paper?

Answer 2

Beadlet sea anemone, Actinia equina

Question 3

Both winners and losers showed significant repeatability of…

Answer 3

pre-fight startle-response durations

Question 4

However, mean pre-fight startle-response durations were greater for eventual … than for eventual …, indicating that RHP (resource-holding potential) varies with …

Answer 4

losers, winners, boldness

Question 5

RHP stands for…

Answer 5

resource-holding potential

Question 6

Higher RHP =

Answer 6

higher fighting ability

Question 7

Individuals with … startle responses inflicted more … on their opponent.

Answer 7

short, attacks

Question 8

Both repeatability and mean-level responses were changed by the … of fighting, and these changes varied with …. In losers, repeatability was disrupted to a … extent and the mean startle-response durations were subject to a … … than in winners

Answer 8

experience, outcome, greater, greater increase

Question 9

Victory in a fight is typically determined by …, so that the encounter ends when one individual (the loser) decides to … from the contest and … the resource

Answer 9

persistence, withdraw, relinquish

Question 10

What are ‘winner and loser’ effects?

Answer 10

When RHP is altered as a result of experiencing a particular fight outcome.

Question 11

Actinia equina have recently been shown to settle fights using a decision rule based on ‘…-…’, whereby an individual’s … in a contest is based on its own RHP but is … … by information about the RHP of the opponent .

Answer 11

self-assessment, persistence, not influenced

Question 12

Contests in A. equina occur over ownership of … on … …, and involve the use of organelles called ….

Answer 12

space, intertidal substrates, nematocysts

Question 13

In A. actinia, nematocysts are present in especially dense concentrations in specialized fighting tentacles called ‘…’.

Answer 13

acrorhagi

Question 14

In fights that do not involve acrorhagial peels, overall … … appears to be the primary morphological driver of RHP

Answer 14

body size

Question 15

If peels do occur, then RHP appears to be determined by average … … if only one individual stings its opponent; but if both individuals use the acrorhagi, then it is the ability to … the opponent (assessed by counting the number of … deposited) that appears to determine the chance of victory

Answer 15

nematocyst length, strike, peels

Question 16

Why are beadlet anemones an ideal study species in which to investigate the role of a potential correlate of absolute RHP?

Answer 16

Because they use self-assessment to settle fights

Question 17

Why were anemones of the red/brown colour morph from the mid/upper shore in Plymouth used, as opposed to the green/orange morphs and individuals found on the lower shore?

Answer 17

They have been shown to be more aggressive

Question 18

How was the first startle response invoked?

Answer 18

By rapidly discharging a 50ml syringe filled with sea water into the oral disk from a distance of approximately 2 cm

(the duration of the response was timed from the point at which the stimulus was applied to the point at which the anemone re-opened its tentacles fully)

Question 19

The fights were considered concluded when one of the contestants either moved away from its opponent by one … … diameter (estimated visually) or … all of its … for 10 mins

Answer 19

pedal disk, retracted, tentacles

Question 20

There was significant repeatability in startle-response duration for all individuals (winners and losers) combined, but not for …

Answer 20

losers

Question 21

With losers there was a correlation between startle times for pre-fight 1 and 2, but not for pre-fight 2 and …

Answer 21

post-fight

Question 22

The mass of winners was…

Answer 22

greater than that of losers

Question 23

There was … … in mean nematocyst length between fights that did and did not involve peels, … between winners and losers

Answer 23

no difference, nor

Question 24

However, a paired t-test comparing mean nematocyst length in winners and losers indicated that, overall…

Answer 24

Winners had longer nematocysts than did losers

Question 25

There was a strong … relationship between the mean duration of the pre-fight startle-response durations and the number of peels inflicted on the opponent

Answer 25

negative