Animal Diseases Flashcards
An impairment of the normal state of ananimalthat interrupts or modifies its vital functions.
Animal disease
inability to perform physiologic functions at normal levels even though nutrition and other environmental requirements are provided at adequate levels
Disease
a combination of fever, cough, increased respiratory rate, abnormal lung sounds, presence of inflammatory exudate in tracheal mucus, radiographic evidence of abnormalities in the lungs, an inflammatory leukogram, and distinctive lesions in lungs at postmortem examination
pneumonia
diseases communicable from animals to man
zoonoses
primary public-health problem throughout the world is ___________ in the diet of humans
animal-protein deficiency
was the most important livestock disease from the 5th century
Rinderpest (cattle plague)
the first veterinary college
École Nationale Vétérinaire
His work was of fundamental significance to general medicine and to agriculture.
Pasteur
have long been recognized as agents of human disease
Animals
was originally defined as a group of diseases that man is able to acquire from domesticated animals
zoonosis
the study of epidemics
Epidemiology
defined as the medical aspect of ecology, for it is the study of diseases in animal populations
Epidemiology
Some outbreaks are termed __________ because they appear only occasionally in individuals within an animal population
sporadic diseases
Diseases normally present in an area and they usually reflect a relatively stable relationship between the causative agent and the animals affected by it
Endemic diseases or Enzootic diseases
Diseases that occasionally occur at higher than normal rates in animal populations and they generally represent an unstable relationship between the causative agent and affected animals
epidemic diseases or epizootic diseases
A process when the changes involve the accumulation of materials within the cells comprising tissues
infiltration
the cells first affected by the the mildest type of degeneration are the specialized cells of these organs
liver and kidney
Serious cellular damage may cause the uptake of water by cells, which lose their structural features as they fill with water.
hydropic degeneration
Poisons such as ________ may cause sudden increases in the accumulation of fats in the liver.
phosphorus
An abnormal protein material may accumulate in connective-tissue components of small arteries as a result of chronic pneumonia, chronic bacterial infections, and prolonged antitoxin production (in horses); the condition is known as
amyloid degeneration and infiltration
characterized by tissues that become clear and appear glasslike, usually occurs in connective-tissue components of small blood vessels as a result of conditions that may occur in kidney structures (glomeruli) of animals with nephritis or in lymph glands of animals with tuberculosis
Hyaline degeneration
The condition in which mucus, a secretion of mucous membranes lining the inside surfaces of organs, is produced in excess and accumulates in greater than normal amounts
mucoid degeneration
Abnormal amounts of glycogen, which is the principal storage carbohydrate of animals, may occur in the liver as a result of certain inherited diseases of animals
glycogen infiltration
abnormal deposition of calcium salts
hypercalcification
bonelike tissue
cartilage
Pigments (coloured molecules) from coal dust or asbestos dust may infiltrate the lungs of certain dogs in these two types of lung disease
anthracosis and asbestosis
iron-containing coloured molecules
hemosiderin
the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells
hemoglobin
dark-coloured molecule
melanin
A dark-coloured molecule (melanin) occurs abnormally in the livers of certain sheep suffering from _______ and in certain tumours called ________
Dubin–Johnson syndrome
melanomas
occurs in poultry, is characterized by the deposition of uric acid salts
Uric acid infiltration
the death of cells or tissues, takes place if the blood supply to tissues is restricted
Necrosis
The rotting of the dead tissue
gangrene
involves a process of tissue wasting, in which a decrease occurs in the size or number of functional cells
Atrophy
an increase in the size of the cells in a tissue or an organ—occurs in heart muscle during diseases involving the heart valves, in certain pneumonias, and in some diseases of the endocrine glands
Hypertrophy
term used when an entire organ is missing from an animal
Aplasia
indicates arrested or incomplete development of an organ
hypoplasia
an increase in the production of the number of cells—e.g., the persistent callus that forms on the elbows of some dogs
hyperplasia
is used to describe the change of one cell type into another; it may occur in chronic irritation of tissues and in certain cancerous tumours
Metaplasia
the inflammatory processes are active
acute inflammation
the processes occur slowly and newconnective tissueis formed
chronic inflammation
is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, sensitivity, and impaired function.
Acute inflammation
Mild acute inflammations of mucous membranes resulting in the production of thin watery material (exudate) are called
catarrhal inflammations
occur in organs undergoing degeneration
parenchymatous inflammations
If the exudate formed in response to an injury is of a serous nature—that is, resembling blood plasma—the process is called
serous inflammation
a protein (fibrin) forms on membranes, including those in the lungs.
fibrinous inflammation
dead tissue is replaced with pus composed of colourless blood cells (leucocytes) and tissue juices
suppurative inflammation
Specialized cells called _______ enter the tissue and remove blood and tissue debris.
macrophages
ingest disease-causing bacteria and other foreign material
neutrophils
The connective tissue contains fibroblasts, cells that divide and form new connective, or scar, tissue.
chronic inflammations
An increase in the rate of blood flow to a body part, which occurs during inflammation
congestion, or hyperemia
An increase in the rate of blood flow to a body part, which occurs during inflammation
congestion, or hyperemia
A diminished blood flow to tissues
ischemia or local anemia
Examples ofhemorrhage, the escape of blood from vessels
epistaxis
hematemesis
hemoptysis
hematuria
nosebleeds or?
epistaxis
hematemesis or?
regurgitation
blood loss from lungs
hemoptysis
blood in urine
hematuria
A condition that is characterized by abnormal accumulations of fluid in tissues, occurs not only in a tissue during inflammation but also over the entire body if the concentration of blood-serum proteins, especially albumin, is low.
Edema
which is a blood clot in a blood vessel, may block or slow circulation of blood to tissues
thrombosis
if blood vessels become blocked
embolism
describes the necrosis that occurs in tissues whose blood supply is blocked by an embolism
infarction
Malignant tumours
melanomas
squamous cell carcinomas
tend to spread rapidly and usually cause death
Malignant tumours
the information pertaining to an animal (or to a herd of animals) that is suspected of having a disease is begun at the time the animal is taken to a veterinarian (or the veterinarian visits the animal) and is continued through treatment.
case recording
Methods used in the preparation of a diagnosis
- inspection
- percussion
- auscultation
- smells
- miscellaneous diagnostic procedures
a visual examination of the animal
inspection
the application of firm pressure with the fingers to tissues to determine characteristics such as abnormal shapes and possible tumours, the presence of pain, and tissue consistency
palpation
the application of a short, sharp blow to a tissue to provoke an audible response from body parts directly beneath
percussion
the act of listening to sounds that are produced by the body during the performance of functions (e.g., breathing, intestinal movements)
auscultation
the recognition of characteristic odours associated with certain diseases
smells
such as eye examinations, the collection of urine, and heart, esophageal, and stomach studies
miscellaneous diagnostic procedures
The poisoning of sheep by _______ in their hay may be diagnosed by the loss of colour in the wool of black sheep.
molybdenum
Ulceration of the tongue may be apparent in animals suffering from this bacteria, a disease of bacterial origin.
actinobacillosis
a condition in which the passage of light through the lens of the eye is obstructed, may result from a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus), infections, or a hereditary defect
Cataract
may be the earliest sign of disease.
elevated temperature, or fever,
A low level of calcium in the serum component of blood in lactating dairy cattle
milk fever
which function in blood coagulation
platelets
Swine develop ________ poisoning if they eat too much grain that has been treated with mercury compounds to retard spoilage.
mercury poisoning
which contains a substance poisonous to the liver of cattle
ragwort
poisonous plants if eaten
bracken fern
A disease in which the pancreas cannot form adequate quantities of a substance (insulin) important in regulating carbohydrate metabolism.
diabetes mellitus
The urine of horses with azoturia (excessive quantities of nitrogen-containing compounds in the urine) or muscle breakdown may contain a dark-coloured molecule called
myoglobin
mplies an interaction between two living organisms, called the host and the parasite
infection
is a type of parasitism, which may be defined as the state of existence of one organism (the parasite) at the expense of another (the host)
Infection
Agents (e.g., certain viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms, and arthropods) capable of producing disease are called?
pathogens
The term refers to the ability of a parasite to enter a host and produce disease
pathogenicity
degree of pathogenicity—that is, the ability of an organism to cause infection—is known as?
virulence
barrier known as?
immunity
which are proteins formed in response to a specific substance (called an antigen) recognized by the body as foreign, are another important factor in preventing infection.
Antibodies
As certain bacterial species multiply, they may produce and liberate poisons, called ________, into the tissues
exotoxins
which produce disease only when liberated at the time of death of the bacterial cell
endotoxins
Some bacteria, such as certain species of Clostridium and Bacillus, have inactive forms called ________ that are highly resistant to environmental conditions such as heat, cold, and chemical compounds called disinfectants
spores
chemical compounds which are able to kill many active bacteria
disinfectants
The term __________ indicates that animals, including spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), roundworms (Nematoda), flatworms (Platyhelminthes), and arthropods such as lice, fleas, mites, and ticks, are present in or on the body of a host. This is not necessarily parasitic.
infestation
are not caused by virulent pathogens and are not communicable from one animal to another.
Noninfectious diseases
are human diseases acquired from or transmitted to any other vertebrate animal.
zoonoses
four principal types of Zoonoses
direct zoonoses
cyclozoonoses
metazoonoses
saprozoonoses
such as rabies and brucellosis, which are maintained in nature by one vertebrate species
direct zoonoses
tapeworm infections are an example, requires at least two different vertebrate species.
cyclozoonoses
Both vertebrate and invertebrate animals are required as intermediate hosts in the transmission to humans; arboviral and trypanosomal diseases are good example
metazoonoses
(for example, histoplasmosis) may require, in addition to vertebrate hosts, specific environmental locations or reservoirs.
saprozoonoses
may be transmitted through cat bites
Cat scratch disease
deadly virus can spread by monkey bites
herpes B virus
.Japanese puffers, for example, contain the poisonous chemical compound called?
tetrodotoxin
control of diseases
mass immunization
quarantine
is the first line of defense against disease
Prevention
the restriction of movement of animals suffering from or exposed to infections such as bluetongue and scrapie (in sheep), foot-and-mouth disease (in cattle), and rabies (in dogs)—is one of the oldest tools of preventive medicine.
Quarantine
a preventive technique has the advantage of allowing the resistant animal freedom of movement, provide only short-lived and partial protection
Mass immunization
