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(1) VMED > Animal Diseases > Flashcards

Animal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

An impairment of the normal state of ananimalthat interrupts or modifies its vital functions.

A

Animal disease

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2
Q

inability to perform physiologic functions at normal levels even though nutrition and other environmental requirements are provided at adequate levels

A

Disease

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3
Q

a combination of fever, cough, increased respiratory rate, abnormal lung sounds, presence of inflammatory exudate in tracheal mucus, radiographic evidence of abnormalities in the lungs, an inflammatory leukogram, and distinctive lesions in lungs at postmortem examination

A

pneumonia

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4
Q

diseases communicable from animals to man

A

zoonoses

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5
Q

primary public-health problem throughout the world is ___________ in the diet of humans

A

animal-protein deficiency

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6
Q

was the most important livestock disease from the 5th century

A

Rinderpest (cattle plague)

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7
Q

the first veterinary college

A

École Nationale Vétérinaire

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8
Q

His work was of fundamental significance to general medicine and to agriculture.

A

Pasteur

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9
Q

have long been recognized as agents of human disease

A

Animals

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10
Q

was originally defined as a group of diseases that man is able to acquire from domesticated animals

A

zoonosis

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11
Q

the study of epidemics

A

Epidemiology

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12
Q

defined as the medical aspect of ecology, for it is the study of diseases in animal populations

A

Epidemiology

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13
Q

Some outbreaks are termed __________ because they appear only occasionally in individuals within an animal population

A

sporadic diseases

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14
Q

Diseases normally present in an area and they usually reflect a relatively stable relationship between the causative agent and the animals affected by it

A

Endemic diseases or Enzootic diseases

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15
Q

Diseases that occasionally occur at higher than normal rates in animal populations and they generally represent an unstable relationship between the causative agent and affected animals

A

epidemic diseases or epizootic diseases

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16
Q

A process when the changes involve the accumulation of materials within the cells comprising tissues

A

infiltration

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17
Q

the cells first affected by the the mildest type of degeneration are the specialized cells of these organs

A

liver and kidney

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18
Q

Serious cellular damage may cause the uptake of water by cells, which lose their structural features as they fill with water.

A

hydropic degeneration

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19
Q

Poisons such as ________ may cause sudden increases in the accumulation of fats in the liver.

A

phosphorus

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20
Q

An abnormal protein material may accumulate in connective-tissue components of small arteries as a result of chronic pneumonia, chronic bacterial infections, and prolonged antitoxin production (in horses); the condition is known as

A

amyloid degeneration and infiltration

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21
Q

characterized by tissues that become clear and appear glasslike, usually occurs in connective-tissue components of small blood vessels as a result of conditions that may occur in kidney structures (glomeruli) of animals with nephritis or in lymph glands of animals with tuberculosis

A

Hyaline degeneration

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22
Q

The condition in which mucus, a secretion of mucous membranes lining the inside surfaces of organs, is produced in excess and accumulates in greater than normal amounts

A

mucoid degeneration

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23
Q

Abnormal amounts of glycogen, which is the principal storage carbohydrate of animals, may occur in the liver as a result of certain inherited diseases of animals

A

glycogen infiltration

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24
Q

abnormal deposition of calcium salts

A

hypercalcification

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25
Q

bonelike tissue

A

cartilage

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26
Q

Pigments (coloured molecules) from coal dust or asbestos dust may infiltrate the lungs of certain dogs in these two types of lung disease

A

anthracosis and asbestosis

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27
Q

iron-containing coloured molecules

A

hemosiderin

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28
Q

the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

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29
Q

dark-coloured molecule

A

melanin

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30
Q

A dark-coloured molecule (melanin) occurs abnormally in the livers of certain sheep suffering from _______ and in certain tumours called ________

A

Dubin–Johnson syndrome
melanomas

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31
Q

occurs in poultry, is characterized by the deposition of uric acid salts

A

Uric acid infiltration

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32
Q

the death of cells or tissues, takes place if the blood supply to tissues is restricted

A

Necrosis

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33
Q

The rotting of the dead tissue

A

gangrene

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34
Q

involves a process of tissue wasting, in which a decrease occurs in the size or number of functional cells

A

Atrophy

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35
Q

an increase in the size of the cells in a tissue or an organ—occurs in heart muscle during diseases involving the heart valves, in certain pneumonias, and in some diseases of the endocrine glands

A

Hypertrophy

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36
Q

term used when an entire organ is missing from an animal

A

Aplasia

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37
Q

indicates arrested or incomplete development of an organ

A

hypoplasia

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38
Q

an increase in the production of the number of cells—e.g., the persistent callus that forms on the elbows of some dogs

A

hyperplasia

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39
Q

is used to describe the change of one cell type into another; it may occur in chronic irritation of tissues and in certain cancerous tumours

A

Metaplasia

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40
Q

the inflammatory processes are active

A

acute inflammation

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41
Q

the processes occur slowly and newconnective tissueis formed

A

chronic inflammation

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42
Q

is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, sensitivity, and impaired function.

A

Acute inflammation

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43
Q

Mild acute inflammations of mucous membranes resulting in the production of thin watery material (exudate) are called

A

catarrhal inflammations

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44
Q

occur in organs undergoing degeneration

A

parenchymatous inflammations

45
Q

If the exudate formed in response to an injury is of a serous nature—that is, resembling blood plasma—the process is called

A

serous inflammation

46
Q

a protein (fibrin) forms on membranes, including those in the lungs.

A

fibrinous inflammation

47
Q

dead tissue is replaced with pus composed of colourless blood cells (leucocytes) and tissue juices

A

suppurative inflammation

48
Q

Specialized cells called _______ enter the tissue and remove blood and tissue debris.

A

macrophages

49
Q

ingest disease-causing bacteria and other foreign material

A

neutrophils

50
Q

The connective tissue contains fibroblasts, cells that divide and form new connective, or scar, tissue.

A

chronic inflammations

51
Q

An increase in the rate of blood flow to a body part, which occurs during inflammation

A

congestion, or hyperemia

52
Q

An increase in the rate of blood flow to a body part, which occurs during inflammation

A

congestion, or hyperemia

53
Q

A diminished blood flow to tissues

A

ischemia or local anemia

54
Q

Examples ofhemorrhage, the escape of blood from vessels

A

epistaxis
hematemesis
hemoptysis
hematuria

55
Q

nosebleeds or?

A

epistaxis

56
Q

hematemesis or?

A

regurgitation

57
Q

blood loss from lungs

A

hemoptysis

58
Q

blood in urine

A

hematuria

59
Q

A condition that is characterized by abnormal accumulations of fluid in tissues, occurs not only in a tissue during inflammation but also over the entire body if the concentration of blood-serum proteins, especially albumin, is low.

A

Edema

60
Q

which is a blood clot in a blood vessel, may block or slow circulation of blood to tissues

A

thrombosis

61
Q

if blood vessels become blocked

A

embolism

62
Q

describes the necrosis that occurs in tissues whose blood supply is blocked by an embolism

A

infarction

63
Q

Malignant tumours

A

melanomas
squamous cell carcinomas

64
Q

tend to spread rapidly and usually cause death

A

Malignant tumours

65
Q

the information pertaining to an animal (or to a herd of animals) that is suspected of having a disease is begun at the time the animal is taken to a veterinarian (or the veterinarian visits the animal) and is continued through treatment.

A

case recording

66
Q

Methods used in the preparation of a diagnosis

A
  1. inspection
  2. percussion
  3. auscultation
  4. smells
  5. miscellaneous diagnostic procedures
67
Q

a visual examination of the animal

A

inspection

68
Q

the application of firm pressure with the fingers to tissues to determine characteristics such as abnormal shapes and possible tumours, the presence of pain, and tissue consistency

A

palpation

69
Q

the application of a short, sharp blow to a tissue to provoke an audible response from body parts directly beneath

A

percussion

70
Q

the act of listening to sounds that are produced by the body during the performance of functions (e.g., breathing, intestinal movements)

A

auscultation

71
Q

the recognition of characteristic odours associated with certain diseases

A

smells

72
Q

such as eye examinations, the collection of urine, and heart, esophageal, and stomach studies

A

miscellaneous diagnostic procedures

73
Q

The poisoning of sheep by _______ in their hay may be diagnosed by the loss of colour in the wool of black sheep.

A

molybdenum

74
Q

Ulceration of the tongue may be apparent in animals suffering from this bacteria, a disease of bacterial origin.

A

actinobacillosis

75
Q

a condition in which the passage of light through the lens of the eye is obstructed, may result from a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus), infections, or a hereditary defect

A

Cataract

76
Q

may be the earliest sign of disease.

A

elevated temperature, or fever,

77
Q

A low level of calcium in the serum component of blood in lactating dairy cattle

A

milk fever

78
Q

which function in blood coagulation

A

platelets

79
Q

Swine develop ________ poisoning if they eat too much grain that has been treated with mercury compounds to retard spoilage.

A

mercury poisoning

80
Q

which contains a substance poisonous to the liver of cattle

A

ragwort

81
Q

poisonous plants if eaten

A

bracken fern

82
Q

A disease in which the pancreas cannot form adequate quantities of a substance (insulin) important in regulating carbohydrate metabolism.

A

diabetes mellitus

83
Q

The urine of horses with azoturia (excessive quantities of nitrogen-containing compounds in the urine) or muscle breakdown may contain a dark-coloured molecule called

A

myoglobin

84
Q

mplies an interaction between two living organisms, called the host and the parasite

A

infection

85
Q

is a type of parasitism, which may be defined as the state of existence of one organism (the parasite) at the expense of another (the host)

A

Infection

86
Q

Agents (e.g., certain viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms, and arthropods) capable of producing disease are called?

A

pathogens

87
Q

The term refers to the ability of a parasite to enter a host and produce disease

A

pathogenicity

88
Q

degree of pathogenicity—that is, the ability of an organism to cause infection—is known as?

A

virulence

89
Q

barrier known as?

A

immunity

90
Q

which are proteins formed in response to a specific substance (called an antigen) recognized by the body as foreign, are another important factor in preventing infection.

A

Antibodies

91
Q

As certain bacterial species multiply, they may produce and liberate poisons, called ________, into the tissues

A

exotoxins

92
Q

which produce disease only when liberated at the time of death of the bacterial cell

A

endotoxins

93
Q

Some bacteria, such as certain species of Clostridium and Bacillus, have inactive forms called ________ that are highly resistant to environmental conditions such as heat, cold, and chemical compounds called disinfectants

A

spores

94
Q

chemical compounds which are able to kill many active bacteria

A

disinfectants

95
Q

The term __________ indicates that animals, including spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), roundworms (Nematoda), flatworms (Platyhelminthes), and arthropods such as lice, fleas, mites, and ticks, are present in or on the body of a host. This is not necessarily parasitic.

A

infestation

96
Q

are not caused by virulent pathogens and are not communicable from one animal to another.

A

Noninfectious diseases

97
Q

are human diseases acquired from or transmitted to any other vertebrate animal.

A

zoonoses

98
Q

four principal types of Zoonoses

A

direct zoonoses
cyclozoonoses
metazoonoses
saprozoonoses

99
Q

such as rabies and brucellosis, which are maintained in nature by one vertebrate species

A

direct zoonoses

100
Q

tapeworm infections are an example, requires at least two different vertebrate species.

A

cyclozoonoses

101
Q

Both vertebrate and invertebrate animals are required as intermediate hosts in the transmission to humans; arboviral and trypanosomal diseases are good example

A

metazoonoses

102
Q

(for example, histoplasmosis) may require, in addition to vertebrate hosts, specific environmental locations or reservoirs.

A

saprozoonoses

103
Q

may be transmitted through cat bites

A

Cat scratch disease

104
Q

deadly virus can spread by monkey bites

A

herpes B virus

105
Q

.Japanese puffers, for example, contain the poisonous chemical compound called?

A

tetrodotoxin

106
Q

control of diseases

A

mass immunization
quarantine

107
Q

is the first line of defense against disease

A

Prevention

108
Q

the restriction of movement of animals suffering from or exposed to infections such as bluetongue and scrapie (in sheep), foot-and-mouth disease (in cattle), and rabies (in dogs)—is one of the oldest tools of preventive medicine.

A

Quarantine

109
Q

a preventive technique has the advantage of allowing the resistant animal freedom of movement, provide only short-lived and partial protection

A

Mass immunization

(1) VMED (4 decks)

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