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Animal Behavior Final Exam > Animal Communication > Flashcards

Animal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A
  • relays info by using signals
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2
Q

Signal types

A

Seen (visual system)
Heard (auditory system)
Felt (tactile system)
Smelled (olfactory, vomeronasal systems)
Tasted (gustatory system)

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3
Q

Name advantages and disadvantages of seen (visual system) signals

A

Disadvantages: Useless in dark, Less practical over long distances
Advantage: easy to localize source of information (ex: identification of male cardinal), Info quickly conveyed (signals to come forward, stay away, approach, etc.)

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4
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Heard (auditory system) signals

A

Disadvantages: Difficult to locate the source (ex: bird call out in forest, only know general direction, not exact location)

Advantages: Transmitted over long distances,
Work well at night, work well underwater

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5
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Felt (tactile system) signals

A

Disadvantages: Distance limitations

Advantages: Info can be relayed quickly (ex: holding hand vs smacking hand/head)

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6
Q

What do animals want to communicate?

A
  • Want to announce/recognize own species
  • Use signals to communicate danger - - ———- Announce strength/intimidation
  • Strengthen social bonds
  • Tell others about resource (food)
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7
Q

Name examples of animal communication in order to announce/recognize own species

A

Tactile: male approach and contact female spider so they are not eaten or attacked HUGE female

Auditory: frog announces Prescence with ribits

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8
Q

Name an example of how animals communicate danger

A

Auditory/Visual: praire dogs communicate to run from predators when looking for food/resources in packs; signals to go back to burrow for safety

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9
Q

Name examples of how animals communicate to announce strength/ to intimidate

A
  • cobra: visual
  • lion: visual, auditory (rawr)
  • ape: auditory, visual (scream and show teeth)
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10
Q

Name examples of how animals communicate to strengthen social bonds

A
  • elephant cubs holding trunks
  • apes/lemurs picking off each others bugs
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11
Q

Name an example of how bees communicate to others about a food resource

A
  • Proboscis collects food, collects info of foraging resource
  • Communicate resource to hive via waggle dance or round dance
    (note location cannot be determined if performed incorrectly)
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12
Q

Waggle Dance

A
  • how bees communicate about food resource
  • when location of food farther from hive (more then 50m)
  • Direction: toward (straight up) vs away (straight down) from sun
  • Abundance of food: decode by waggle intensity(better food means more intense
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13
Q

Round dance

A
  • performed by bees for food resource communication
  • when location of food relatively close to hive (50m or less)
  • Like a clock – starts at 12, goes around clockwise first and then counterclockwise
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14
Q

Describe how ants tell other ants about food resource

A

Chemical queues: Allows individuals to follow signals to resource

Tactile: Female secretes chemical substance to rile up other ants to follow her (found insect for food, yay!); Will then perform tandem running to stick together

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15
Q

Tandem running

A
  • done by ants when they found a food resource
  • antennae on front of ant physically touching abdomen of ant in front of it
  • allows travel together to the resource
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16
Q

How do birds communicate to attract mates? Answer by giving examples.

A

Visual: Cardinals dimorphic(choosy or competition), Male stands out like a sore thumb; (chosen on how brightly colored they are)

Robin: auditory signals, noises being done to be chosen

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17
Q

Describe 3 examples of how animals use chemical signals to attract mates

A

Three sensory systems to detect: olfactory, vomeronasal, and gustatory system

Deterrents: egg laying, signals others to not lay eggs near hers (bugs)

Mark territory: dogs peeing, cats rubbing on you

Alarm trigger: bee offended in area, chemical signals others to go into attack mode (ex: murder hornets)

18
Q

Describe the main olfactory system

A
  • detect general odorants
  • Small molecules
  • Highly volatile (airborne)
  • Consciously detectable ( aware of smell that is there)
  • Detection occurs across species
  • Use nose or equivalent for detection
19
Q

Describe the vomeronasal system

A
  • Molecules vary by size
  • Volatile or non-volatile
  • Not consciously detected (not aware)
  • Detectable within a species ONLY
  • Pheromones
20
Q

Describe Gustatory System

A
  • Taste
  • Nonvolatile molecules
  • Detectable across species
21
Q

Describe the Martha McClintock experiment

A
  • menstrual synchrony thought to be occuring from reasonable explanations/observations (similar class and social schedules, similar diets)
  • tracked menstrual synchrony by tracking urine samples
  • reported research showed evidence of synchrony being real
22
Q

Name criticisms of Martha McClintock’s experiment

A

Data analysis: convoluted, old; when out of her way to make data statistically significant when it was not relevant

Natural variation responsible: Study not significantly replicable, puts validity into question

Social factors – could still be responsible, not discounted in study

No specific molecule identified as pheromone in humans, puts cologne things in question (wtf is in it then)

No evidence of functional vomeronasal system in humans; suggested in other studies but no strong conclusion(absent or no functionally present)

23
Q

Name 3 pheromonal effects in animals

A

Bruce effect, Vandenbergh effect, Lee Boot/Whitten effect

24
Q

Bruce effect

A

pregnant female exposed to piss of unfamiliar male and undergoes spontaneous abortion (damn okay)

25
Q

Vandenbergh effect

A

puberty accelaration

26
Q

Lee Boot/Whitten effect

A

Grouped house females under Lee Boot effect become anestrous, cycles stop

Whitten effect side says if grouped anestrous females exposed to males will begin cycles again

Effects work in both directions; in these terms, males create effect

27
Q

Turbinates

A
  • found in olfactory system
  • direct airflow toward receptors
  • slow down air flow(want air to be warm before reaching receptors, cold air can be damaging)
28
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A
  • found in olfactory system
  • where olfactory receptors are found
  • receptors on cilia
  • surrounded by supporting cells that aid sense of smell
29
Q

Cribriform plate

A
  • interacts with myelin sheath and olfactory bulb to send signals for sense and interpretation

(Olfactory bulbs sit right outside of brain)

30
Q

Describe vomeronasal system in rats

A
  • Olfactory bulb carries signals to other places for interpretation
  • When utilized, have ways to bring signals to Jacobnson’s/vomeronasal organ (non volatile, not easily taken from air for sense)
31
Q

Flehmen

A

head up and curled up lip of animals to fully take in chemicals from the air; snorting behavior

Confused for smiling, anthropomorphized by humans

32
Q

Name three ways communication signals have evolved?

A

Ritualization, Antithesis, Manipulation

33
Q

Ritualization

A

evolution/improvement of communication signal

When signal ritualized, signal is clear

Example: when dog barres teeth, the signal they are giving off is quite clear lol

Movements more repetitive, and exaggerated

Structures/coloration more enlarged or brilliant

34
Q

Antithesis

A

Opposite behaviors communicated opposite behavior signals

35
Q

Manipulation

A

Benefits sender and manipulates behavior of receiver

36
Q

Zahavi’s hypothesis

A

The idea that animals should treat all signals as truthful

Animals cannot bluff or lie forever when they are faking it, even though they can be taken advantage of

Deceitful behavior hard to maintain in long term

37
Q

Describe adaptation of the Mantis Shrimp

A
  • deceitful from size, packs a punch as strong and fast as bullet
38
Q

Eavesdropping

A
  • animals controlling aspects of communication signals in order to avoid them being overheard by other animals
  • modify where, when and how
39
Q

Eavesdropping: modify where example

A
  • when bees dance about food resource, done inside hive so only the hive knows of its location
40
Q

Eavesdropping: modify when example

A

Tungara frog

Produce chuck harmonic, Males who do this more desirable as mate

Eavesdropper (predators like bats) pose danger, dilution effect solution

dilution effect: males in group more likely to produce chucks instead of lone males

41
Q

Eavesdropping: modify how in fireflies

A
  • visual displays: false signals
  • Benefit sender and in many cases receives occur at a cost

Example: Firefly, males produce particular flash pattern and female responds for mating

Genus Photuris(female): responds to multiple males with flashes, shows extreme attraction to lure male in and then eats him

42
Q

Eavesdropping: Angler Fish and Snapping Turtle

A
  • modify how (visual displays): false signals
  • Fish attracted to light of angler fish, will get then eaten (receiver gets a cost)
  • Turtle has lure on tongue for small fish, draws in fish to eat them

Animal Behavior Final Exam (9 decks)

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