Animal Care and Nursing Flashcards
4 types of hyper sensitivity
Type I: Atopy & Anaphylaxis
Type II: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Type II: Glomerulonephritis
Type IV: Certain contact allergies, plastic food bowls.
How many blood types do cats have
3
A (98% of cats)
B (rare, often seen in exotic breeds)
AB (rare in all breeds)
Summer Sores
GI Parasites
Habronema spp & Draschia spp
What is a Chelonia
Turtle/ tortoise
Pyuria
WBC in urine
What muscles extend the elbow?
Triceps
Cholestasis
Poor flow of bile from the liver to the GI tract
What should all puppies be treated for?
Toxocara canis
Hock Joint
Tarsocrurual Joint
Normal Horse HB
25-50 BPM
Perihilar Lymphnodes
ARE NOT palpated peripherally
# of Cervical Vertebrae in: Cows, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, horses and humans?
7
Normal temp for a week old puppy
94-99 degrees
Which muscle should you not give an IM injection in in Horses?
Epaxial
How does Feline Toxoplasmosis present and what is it treated with?
Presents neuro; treated with clindamycin
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Paratenic
transport host; does not undergo development on the animal
cerumen
earwax
90% of mammary gland tumors in cats are:
Malignant
NAVTAs Code of Ethics
Vets are not accountable for techs actions
Psittacosis
Parrot fever
How far is a nasal oxygen tube advanced?
To the level of the carnassial tooth to medical canthus of the eye
Trichomoniasis
causes infertility and abortions
What are toxic food for birds
Avocado, chocolate, comfrey
Avoid High sugar and salt
order of intestines in birds
Crop, esophagus, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestines, cloaca
What structure do birds not have?
Diaphrams
Chordae Tendinae
tendons which link papillary muscles to the valves and aid in opening and closing of the valves.
Systole
Ventricles are contracting
diastole
ventricles are relaxed, ventricles are filling with blood
Summary of cardiac circulation
Deoxygenated blood goes from body to heart via vena cava, empties into right atrium, through tricuspid valve into right ventricle, through pulmonic valve into pulmonary artery, to the lungs through the pulmonary circulation, gas exchange occurs in the lungs to oxygenate blood, to the pulmonary vein, into the left atrium through the mitral valve into left ventricle, through the aortic valve into the aorta, then to the body where gas exchange occurs in the capillaries.
Mitral Valve
separates left atrium from left ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
separates right atrium from right ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
separates right ventricle from the pulmonary artery.
Aortic Valve
separates left ventricle from the aorta
Papillary muscles
contract to open the valves. Connected to chordae tendinae.
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
Natural Pace Maker of the heart
It starts the electrical impulses to the heart
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
located at lower R atrium
spread through nerves in the ventricles and stimulate a wave of contractions. The AV node delays the impulse until the ventricles are completely filled
Bundle of His
send impulses to cause cardiac contraction.
Purkinje fibers
specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct impulses deep within the myocardium assisting to transmit impulses from the AV node to the ventricles
Preload
stretching of the cardiac cells prior to contraction, most related to right atrial pressure
Contractility
intrinsic ability of the heart to contract independent of preload and afterload
Afterload
tension against which the ventricles contract. Left ventricular afterload determined by the aortic pressure. Right ventricular afterload is determined by the pulmonary artery pressure.
Stroke volume (SV)
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle per contraction.
Cardiac output (CO)
SV X HR
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava, a good way to monitor hydration status in patients.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
weakened and enlarged heart; may be associated with taurine deficiency in some cases
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
hypertrophy or thickening of the myocardium (heart muscle); sometimes associated with hyperthyroidism in cats
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
heart can no longer pump blood efficiently and leads to pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs)
Second-degree AV block (common in horses)
arrhythmia causing delay at the AV node, often caused by high vagal tone in athletically fit horses, may resolve with exercise. May see a p wave with no QRS on an ECG.
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)
uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle in the ventricles.
What is required for muscle contraction?
ATP(energy) and calcium
Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
What striated muscle fibers create the striped appearance?
Actin and myosin
What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscles?
Acetylcholine, Ach
Where is Ach located?
At the ends of motor neuron (neuromuscular junction)
What is muscle activity ceased by?
Acetylcholinesterase
What nervous system is the skeletal muscles apart of?
Somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle (motor) and sensory nerves)
What are skeletal muscle fibers?
Long and striated
Where are smooth muscles found?
In walls of hallow organs, except the heart.
May also be called visceral muscles
How are transmitters sent in smooth muscles?
Via interstitial fluid, no neuromuscular junction
What is smooth mucsles neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine (Excitatory- muscle contraction) or Norepinephrine (inhibits contractions)
When does muscle relaxation occur in smooth muscles?
When calcium is moved out of the smooth muscle fibers
What are smooth muscle fibers made of?
Fibers are spindle shaped with single nucleus
Are smooth muscles voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary. Contraction occurs without any thought
What type of cells does cardiac muscles have?
Branching and striated
Are cardiac muscles voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Myofibril
Muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum that is needed for muscle contraction
Z-line
Protein bands where actin filaments attach in a striated muscle fiber and mark the boundaries of adjoining contractile units
Sarcolemma
Thin plasma cell membrane of a muscle cell
What are skeletal muscles attached by?
Tendons
What do skeletal muscles provide?
Motor to body
What is the orbit?
The hole in which the eye sits surrounded and formed by the maxilla, zygomatic, frontal and ethmoid bones
What is the proper term for eyelids?
Palpebrae
What are eyelashes called?
Cilia (small hairs)
What is the conjunctiva and what does it do?
It’s the membrane that lines the insides of the eyelids and it secretes mucus which helps lubricate the eye
What does the lacrimal gland do?
Makes tears. They are secreted through the lacrimal duct. Also connected to the nasal passage via nasolacrimal duct
What is the third eyelid? And where is it located?
It’s the nictitating membrane. Located near the medial canthus and it will sometimes protrude if the eye is painful, from trauma or if animal is sedated
Dysecdysis
Abnormal shedding of the skin, snake
Harderian glands are associated with which part of the anatomy?
Eyes. an accessory lacrimal gland in the inner side of the orbit in reptiles and birds. Present but usually degenerates in mammals
In a fetus, blood is shunted from the pulmonary artery to the aorta via what structure?
Ductus arteriosus
Ductus venosus
Shunts some blood flow from the umbilical vein to the vena cava
Foramen ovale
Allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium
What type of placenta does a ruminant have?
Cotyledonary, they have numerous smaller placentae instead of a single large contact area between the mother and fetus.
What vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E, and K
What two vitamins are water-soluble?
Vitamin c and b complex
What is the white part of the eye?
Sclera
Cornea
Clear and retracts light. Has no vessels. Made up of 10 layers and forms the anterior portion of the eye
What is the Uvea?
Vascular tunic, made of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
What does the culinary body do?
Helps focus the eye
What does the choroid do?
Helps guard against glare
Retina
Images are formed in the retina, it’s made up of rods and cones.
Mostly rods in dogs, which are best suited for night vision.
What is the fundus?
Part of the posterior eye segment that is viewed with the ophthalmoscope. It’s made up of optic disc, the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid.
What is the lens?
A circular and transparent disc made of protein with no blood supply. The shape of the lens is moderated by the ciliary muscle which helps with focus and distance. Cataracts are deposits on the lens.
What is the Anterior Chamber
It’s located between the front of the lens and cornea. It’s filled with aqueous humor (fluid) which is directly related to intraocukar pressure.
Posterior chamber
Located between the iris, lens, and ciliary body
Vitreous
Located between the retina and iris, it has vitreous humor which has more of a jelly like consistency instead of fluid to help keep the retina intact
What is the normal tear production?
Greater than 15 mm in 60 seconds
Miosis
A small or constricted pupil
Mydriasis
A dilated pupil
Anisocoria
Different sized pupil. May suggest trauma or neurological dz
Pupillary light reflex (plr)
Pupils should construct in light and dilate in dark
Hyphemia
Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
Hypopion
Pus in the anterior chamber of the eye
Canthus
Refers to the corner of the eye. Medial canthus is the corner towards the nose; lateral canthus is the corner toward the ear
How long will sperm be viable to fertilize an egg after dogs have mated?
7 days
Which organism causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in the horse?
It’s caused by the aberrant migration of SARCOYSTIS NEURONA through the central nervous system if the horse.
Causes signs such as ataxia and muscle atrophy in the horse
What condition in rats results from living in an area with the humidity too low?
Ringtail
What causes red tears in rats?
Stress
What anticoagulant is appropriate for the collection of blood from a donor horse for the purpose of blood transfusion to a recipient horse?
Citrate-phosphate-dextrose adenine (CPDA)
What category of parasite for Dirofilaria immitis fall under?
Nematode
How many thoracic vertebrae does a horse have?
18
How can you differentiate a male tortoise from a female?
The plastron is concave in males
Where is TB test administered in the bovine species?
Caudal tail fold
Where is the carapace on a turtle
The top shell and the plastron is the bottom of the shell.
if restrained in a stressful or frightening way what species if prone to seizures?
Gerbils
The placenta supplies the fetus with oxygen via which structure
Umbilical Vein
Fetlock Joint in a Horse
Metacarpophalangeal joint
What is the earliest time you would expect to see fetal skeletons in a radiograph?
43 days gestation
Life expectancy of a ferret
8-10 years
Life expectancy of a rabbit
5-8 years
Life expectancy of a chinchilla
10-15 years
Life expectancy of a sugar glider
8-10 years
