Animal Bodies and Homeostasis

Question 1

the process whereby living organisms regulate their cells and bodies to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

Answer 1

homeostasis

Question 2

bundles of muscle fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract when stimulated and thus generate a force that facilitates movements or exerts pressure

Answer 2

muscle tissues

Question 3

a type of muscle tissue that is attached by tendons to bones in vertebrates and to the exoskeleton of invertebrates

Answer 3

skeletal muscles

Question 4

a type of muscle tissue found only in heart, in which physical and electrical connections between individual cells enable many of the cells to contract simultaneously

Answer 4

cardiac muscle

Question 5

network of cells (neurons) that receive, generate, and conduct electrical signals throughout an animal’s body

Answer 5

nervous tissues

Question 6

a highly specialized cell found in nervous systems of animals that communicates with other cells by electrical or chemical signals

Answer 6

neurons

Question 7

a sheet of densely packed cells that covers the body, covers individual organs, or lines the walls of various cavities inside the body

Answer 7

epithelial tissues

Question 8

group of cells that connect, anchor, and support the structures of an animals body; include blood, adipose tissue, bone, cartilage, loose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue

Answer 8

connective tissues

Question 9

a collection of two or more tissues that performs a specific function or set of functions

Answer 9

organ

Question 10

different organs that work together to perform an overall function or functions in an organism

Answer 10

organ system

Question 11

a system designed to regulate a particular variable in a body, such as body temperature

Answer 11

homeostatic control system

Question 12

the normal value for a controlled variable

Answer 12

set point

Question 13

a structure such as a sensory receptor or a nucleus in the brain that functions as part of a homeostatic control system to monitor the level or activity of a particular variable

Answer 13

sensor

Question 14

the part of a homeostatic control mechanism, typically a nucleus in the brain, in which the value of a variable is compared to a set point

Answer 14

integrator

Question 15

in a homeostatic control system, a structure that compensates for a deviation of a physiological variable from its set point

Answer 15

effector

Question 16

a homeostatic mechanism in which a change in the variable being regulated brings about a response that move the variable in the opposite direction

Answer 16

negative feedback loop

Question 17

a mechanism that accelerates or amplifies a process, leading to what is sometimes called an explosive system

Answer 17

positive feedback loop

Question 18

the process by which a body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it even occurs

Answer 18

feedforward regualtion

Question 19

a type of cellular communication in which molecules are released into the extracellular fluid and acts on nearby cells

Answer 19

paracrine signaling

Question 20

a chemical signal that is produced in a gland or other structure and is released into the blood or hemolymph, where it acts on a distant target

Answer 20

hormones

Question 21

the fluid inside cells

Answer 21

intracellular fluid

Question 22

the fluid outside the cells

Answer 22

extracellular fluid

Question 23

the fluid part of blood that contains water and dissolved solutes

Answer 23

plasma

Question 24

the fluid that surrounds the cells

Answer 24

interstitial fluid