Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Moving Exam 2 > Anethesia/Analgesia > Flashcards

Anethesia/Analgesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Silent/sleeping nociceptors?

A

present in both A- delta and C- fibers
high-threshold activated by tissue damage
important in peripheral sensitization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most important tract in transmitting of nociceptive information?

A

spinothalmic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cortical areas are activated during perception?

A

Reticular system: autonomic & motor response to do something
Somatosensory cortex: ids intensity, type & location & relates to past experience to memory
Limbic system: emotional/behavioral response to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the noradrenergic mechanisms?

A

happens in the locus coeruleus to the dorsal horn
stimulates adrenergic receptors
decrease in the release of substance P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the noradrenergic mechanism decrease the release of substance P?

A

Hyperpolarizing 2nd order neurons
depolarizing GABAergic neurons to inhibit pain transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What occurs in the Serotonergic pathway in the descending pathway?

A

Excitatory effects
release enkephalins which inhibit the release of substance P and hyperpolarizing 2nd order neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The inhibition of nociception is due to what?

A

The hyperpolarization of 2nd order neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the steps in the opioid system?

A

1) directly inhibit stimulus
2) Inhibit calcium influx prevents action potential which inhibits substance P
3) Promote potassium efflux membrane hyperpolarization which inhibits pain transmission
4) disinhibit descending modulatory pain pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the mechanism behind primary hyperalgesia

A

Substance P will excite sensory and sympathetic fibers which allows for vasation of plasma proteins. this recruits inflammatory cells. A- delta and C- fiber activation activates silent nociceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the mechanism behind secondary hyperalgesia (Wind-up).

A

NMDA receptor activation
influx of Ca
Increase sensitivity to glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is allodynia?

A

a phenomenon in which an area close to the site of tissue injury is painful if stimulated w/ a normal non-noxious stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects of pain on the immune system?

A

Increased cortisol levels leads to impaired wound healing & decreased immune system
Increased ADH, catecholamines, renin, etc
Decreased in insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the effects of pain on the neuroendocrine system?

A

Hyperglycemia
impaired metabolism results in increase protein catabolism, lipolysis & cochexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the effects of pain on the GI system?

A

Shunting of blood
Decrease motility
Decrease mucosal integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the effects of pain on the cardiovascular system?

A

Fluid retention
increased BP
decreased renal perfusion
Increased HR, SV, CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the effects of pain on the respiratory system?

A

Ventilation perfusion mismatch
arterial hypoxemia
hypercarbia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the effects of pain on the coagulation system?

A

Increased platelet adhesiveness
decrease fibrinolysis
hypercoagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the cut off on the pan face scale for cats to get rescue analgesia?

A

> or = to 4/10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the difference between pain and dysphoria?

A

Dysphoria is difficult to distract/calm
opioids do not help
not identifiable source of pain
fixed dilated pupils unresponsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is acute (adaptive) pain?

A

an abrupt & brief event usually related to trauma, surgery or infection & medical diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is chronic (maladaptive) pain?

A

Pain persists beyond a responsible time for the course of an acute disease or an injury to heal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is somatic pain?

A

Originates from damage to somatic tissue (bones, joints, tissue)
sharp
localized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

arises from visceral injury
not well localized
associated with nausea & vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

direct damage to peripheral nerves/spinal cord
described as burning/shooting pain
difficult to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is adaptive inflammatory?

A

Spontaneous pain & hypersensitivity to pain in response to tissue damage & inflammation
occurs with tissue trauma

26
Q

What is adaptive nociceptive?

A

Transient pain in response to a noxious stimulus
small aches and pains
protect the body from the environment

27
Q

What is maladaptive neuropathic?

A

spontaneous pain & hypersensitivity to pain in association w/ damage to or a lesion of the nervous system

28
Q

What is maladaptive functional?

A

hypersensitivity to pain resulting from abnormal processing of normal input

29
Q

What are the characteristics of glutamate?

A

excitatory
multiple sites on this ionotropic receptor for drugs
antagonist used as a dissociative anesthetic
goes through astrocytes

30
Q

What are the characteristics of GABA?

A

Inhibitory action: amino acid neurotransmitter
drugs include structrual analogs used for pain modification
Agonist

31
Q

What are the characteristics of opioid receptors?

A

agonist used for analgesia
act on presynaptic sensory neuron to decrease pain causing neurotransmitter release
urinary excretion
metabotropic receptors

32
Q

What are norepinephrine @ alpha 1 receptors?

A

Agonists
Stimulants

33
Q

What are norepinephrine @ alpha 2 receptors?

A

Agonists
analgesics
tranquilizers
antihypertensives
emetics in cats

34
Q

Is dopamine an agonist or antagonist?

A

Antagonist

35
Q

What do opioids do presynapticly?

A

inhibit neurotransmitter release

36
Q

What do opioids do postsynapticly?

A

decrease neuronal excitability through hyperpolarization of the cell membrane

37
Q

What are pure opioid agonists? Give example?

A

activate the opioid receptors in the brain fully resulting in the full opioid effect

Methadone, morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl

38
Q

What are partial opioid agonists? Give example?

A

activate the opioid receptors in the brain but to a much lesser degree than full agonists

Buprenorphine

39
Q

What are opioid agonist- antagonist? Give example?

A

causes stimulatory effect @ one receptor but block effects/causes less pronounced effect @ another

Butorphanol

40
Q

What is an opioid antagonist? Give example?

A

binds to a receptor with high affinity & produces no effect. “Reversal”

Naloxone

41
Q

What are the full mu agonists?

A

Morphine
Hydromorphone
Methadone
Fentanyl

42
Q

What are the side effects of morphine?

A

histamine release
mania in cats

43
Q

What are the side effects of hydromorphone?

A

panting in dogs
hyperthermia in cats

44
Q

What are the side effects of methadone?

A

no histamine release
no vomiting
panting in dogs

45
Q

What are the side effects of fentanyl?

A

no histamine release
no vomiting
bradycardia
chest rigidity

46
Q

What are the partial mu agonist?

A

Buprenorphine

47
Q

What are the side effects of Buprenorphine?

A

high affinity for receptor
plateau effect
not effectively reversed w/ antagonists

48
Q

What opioid is a kappa agonist and a mu antagonist?

A

butorphanol

49
Q

What are the side effects of Butorphanol?

A

high affinity for receptor
plateau effect
can reverse effects of pure mu agonists

50
Q

Which opioid antagonist is the most potent?

A

Nalmefene/Naltrexone

51
Q

Which opioid antagonist has the shortest duration?

A

Naloxone

52
Q

Which opioid antagonist can control GI side effects without affecting the analgesia?

A

Methylnatrexone

53
Q

What CNS effects do opioids cause?

A

Analgesia
Sedation
Excitation
Dysphoria & Euphoria
Thermoregulation

54
Q

What respiratory effects do opioids cause?

A

depression of respiratory centers
decrease responsiveness to increased CO2
Dose dependent depression
anti-tussive effects
Panting
Cross placenta respiratory depression of neonates

55
Q

What cardiovascular effects do opioids cause?

A

bradycardia

56
Q

What effects does opioids have on horses & ruminants?

A

constipation, ileus

57
Q

What route are opioids given that will cause nausea and vomiting?

A

IM

58
Q

What are Mu effects on the urinary system?

A

increase ADH & natriuretic peptide, decreasing urine production

59
Q

What opioid inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake?

A

Tramadol

60
Q

Which species does tramadol work best in and why?

A

Cats because they have substantial M1 production via the P450 enzyme

61
Q

What drugs are NMDA receptor antagonist?

A

Moving Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions