Anatomy Flashcards
What do the vertebral foramina form and what runs through it?
They form the vertebral canal & the spinal cord runs through it
Why is the intervertebral foramina important?
It allows the entrance & exit of the spinal nerves & connect to the spinal cord
Why is the lateral vertebral foramen important?
Allows for the passage of blood vessels & nerves into the spinal canal.
What do the transverse foramen make and what runs through it?
Makes the transverse canal and the vertebral artery & nerve run through it.
What is the paralumbar fossa? What are the boundaries?
Triangular depression in the upper part of the bovine’s hip area.
Dorsally transverse process of L2 to L5
Cranially the last rib
Caudoventrally muscular ridge of IAO
What is the nuchal ligament & what is its purpose where does it insert and attach?
Functions to support the animals weight of their head & helps save in mechanical energy
Attaches on the external occipital protuberance and the spinal process of T1
What are the bursae of the nuchal ligament in horses & what are the parts of them?
Fluid filled pockets used for protection against the atlas & axis. They lie between the dorsal spinous processes and the funicular part. They each have two parts the fanicular parts & 2 laminar sheets.
Where does the nuchal ligament run in cattle?
To the side if the spine resulting in no bursae
What is fistulous withers?
Inflammation of the supraspinous bursa due to the bacteria brucella
Why do ruminants not get fistulous withers or poll evil?
They have not bursa
What is poll evil?
Inflammation of the cranial nuchal bursae & the caudal nuchal bursae
What part of the nucleus pulposus will usually rupture and why?
The dorsal part because it is thinner.
What is fibrocartilaginous embolism?
It is an ischemic necrosis of part of the spinal cord due to the herniation of an intervertebral disc into the spinal cord blood vessels
What is atlanto-axial subluxation?
Congenital or acquired condition in which the abnormality of the dens or ligaments of the dens causes atlantoaxial joint to be unstable which results in spinal cord compression from dorsally displaced dens
Why is jugular venipuncture in the horse optimal in the cranial neck?
easier to see
cutaneous colli muscle is thin & does not mask the vein
The omohyoideus muscle separates the jugular vein from carotid sheath structures
What is the panniculus reflex?
afferent information from skin to the lumbar & thoracic spinal ligaments. You can use the pinch test on the skin to see what area of the spine has been damaged.
What is the superficial thoracic “spur” vein a landmark for?
it is a landmark separating the cutaneus trunci m. & the ascending pectoral in the horse & it can be catheterized
What lymph node is absent in the cat & dog?
Subiliac lymph node
What does the subiliac lymph node drain
superficial body wall of caudal thorax & abdomen & the superficial layers & muscles of the thigh region
What are the boundaries of the heave line?
External abdominal oblique
musculotendinous junction
What supports most of the ventral visceral weight in herbivors?
Prepubic tendon
What is the suture holding layer for closing ventral midline incisions?
Linea alba
What is the suture holding layer for closing paramedian abdominal incisions?
External lamina of the rectus sheath?
Closure of what layer is not beneficial & why in surgery?
The peritoneum b/c it heals rapidly over incision & does not contribute to wound strength
List the consecutive layers from skin to peritoneum with a ventral midline incision?
Skin
SQ tissue
External rectus sheath
Linea alba
retroperitoneal fat
Peritoneum
List the consecutive layers from skin to peritoneum with a paramedian incision?
Skin
SQ tissue
External rectus sheath
Rectus abdominous
Internal rectus sheath
Retroperitoneal fat
Peritoneum
What is the clinical significance of the cervical deep fascia?
envelopes ventral neck muscles limit the spread of abscesses
infections of the neck may spread to the thorax
What are the boundaries of the jugular groove?
Dorsally= cleidomastoideus
Ventrally= sternomandibularis
Medially= sternomastoideus or omohyoideus in horses
What are the structures within the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery
Vagosympathetic nerve trunk
internal jugular vein
What tendon goes from the prepubic tendon into the head of the femur?
accessory ligament
What is the slope of the pelvis?
the line between the coxal & ischial tubers
What part of the femur is important in the stay apparatus?
Medial trochlear ridge
What causes medial patellar luxation?
Poor development of the medial trochlear lip
What 2 sesamoid bones are in the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle?
fabella
When treating cranial drawer syndrome what sesamoid is used as an anchor for non-absorbable suture?
lateral sesamoid bone of the gastrocnemius muscle
Which sesamoid bones should not be mistaken for chip fractures in radiographs?
Popliteal sesamoid bones
Before complete ossification of the tuber it is pulled off of the tibia by which muscle that inserts there?
Quadriceps tendon
What structures are in the perforating tarsal canal?
perforating tarsal artery & nerve
& sensory nerves from deep fibular nerve
What tarsal bones are fused in a horse? What tarsal bones are fused in a ruminant?
1st and 2nd
2nd and 3rd
What are the actions of biceps femoris?
extend hip
extend & flex the stifle
extend the hock
What are the actions of the semitendinosus muscle?
Extends the hip
extends the hock
flex the stifle
What are the actions of the semimembranousus muscle?
Extends the hip
caudal belly flexes the stifle
What happens if there is paralysis of the femoral nerve?
collapse of the stifle joint
What muscles are supplied by the obturator nerve?
Pectineus
Adductor
Gracilis
External obturator
Sartorius
What is the femoral triangle?
a triangular space formed by the sartorius and pectineus muscles
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Cranial= sartorius
Caudal= pectineus
Medial= femoral fascial and skin
Lateral= iliopsoas and vastus medialis muscles
What is found within the femoral triangle?
femoral artery & vein
What does the fibular nerve innervate?
Cranial tibial
Peroneus longus
Long digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Peroneus tertius
What is the action of
Cranial tibial
Peroneus longus
Long digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Peroneus tertius
extend the digit and flex the tarsus
What does the tibial nerve innervate?
Gastrocnemius
soleus
caudal tibial
popliteus
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor
What is the action of
Gastrocnemius
soleus
caudal tibial
popliteus
superficial digital flexor
deep digital flexor
Flex the digits and extend the tarsus
What is entirely tendinous in the horse and passively flexes the hock whenever the stifle joint is flexed
Fibularis tertius
What causes capped hock?
inflammation of the synovial bursa that is under the superficial digital flexor
What muscle has no action on the stifle?
Deep digital flexor
What results in the characteristic crab like stance in dogs?
partial rupture of the common calcanean tendon with the SDF remaining intact
What causes a plantigrade stance?
weakening, rupture or detachment of the common calcanean tendon
What does the femoral canal or vascular lacuna allow to run through it?
the opening between the abdominal cavity and the medial thigh for passage of the femoral and deep femoral arteries and veins
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
Stifle extensors
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
Thigh adductors
What does the gluteal nerves (cranial and caudal) innervate?
hip extensors, thigh abductors
What does the sciatic nerve innervate?
outward rotators of the hip; hip extensors, extensors & flexors of both hock and digits
What would happen if there is damage to the femoral nerve?
animal will not be able to support its weight and it will lack a patellar tendon reflex
What would happen if there is damage to the saphenous nerve?
Loss of sensory sensation to the stifle joint and skin on the medial femoral and crurual and dorsomedial tarsus and digit 1 and abaxial surface of digit 2
When might the obturator nerve be pressed and what will happen?
during parturition the nerve may be pressed by the fetus against the ilium resulting in an inability to adduct the hind limbs (splayed legg)
What happens with fibular nerve damage?
lack of flexion to the tarsal joint and flexion to the digits “knuckling”
What are the signs of ischiatic nerve paralysis?
paralysis of the caudal thigh muscles and all muscles distal to the tarsal joint. Tarsus is unstable
What are the signs of common peroneal nerve paralysis?
Straightening of the tarsus and knuclking over on to the dorsal surface of the digits. Loss of skin sensation to the cranial part of the crus and dorsal part of the pes
What are the signs of common tibial nerve paralysis?
Hyperflexion of the tarsus & overextension of the digits. loss of sensation to the caudal part of the crus and the plantar surface of the pes
