ANESTHETIC & ANESTHESIA Flashcards
applied to the nerve terminals or nerve fibers prevent conduction of both sensory and motor impulses in axons and dendrites.
local anesthesia
- first discovered local anesthesia
cocaine
characterized by reversible loss of perception of pain or other motor response to stimuli in a local or regional part of the body and is not accompanied by loss of consciousness
Local or regional anesthesia-
refers to peripheral nerve block, spinal and epidural anesthesia.
Regional anesthesia
drugs work by blocking nerve conduction in the vicinity of their application, leading to a reversible loss of sensation.
Amino ester agents
surface anesthetic, abused drug
cocaine
most versatile, high potency, rapid onset, moderate duration of action
lidocaine
– slow onset, long duration
bupivacane
Agents restricted to ophthalmological use
- Benoxinate
- Proparacaine
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ?
nerve cell, or neuron
Parts of the neuron:
- cell body
- Dendrite tree
- Axon
Its mechanisms are considered important in the control of sleep and wakefulness. It is
also important in the control of mood and emotional behavior temperature
Norepinephrine:
- has a role as a precursor in the synthesis of norepinephrine.
Dopamine
- CNS regulatory functions include appetite control.
- functions are control of sleep and wakefulness, mood and emotion, and temperature
Serotonin
Serotonin is also known as
5 – hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
- has a major role in the control of spinal and cerebral reflexes.
- It is considered as the major inhibitory transmitter in the CNS and it is involved in the
conduction of convulsions and may also be important in anxiety states.
GABA
produced is larger than the ultimate transmitter and biologically
inactive. They are present in smaller quantities and far more potent.
prohormone
is the property known to correlate best with potency of inhalant anesthetic.
Lipid solubility
are hydrophobic. It is theorized that these anesthetics act in the cell
membrane lipid layer
Inhalation anesthetics
are frequently administered to
produce a calming effect.
Tranquilizers “ ataractics or neuroleptics”
less frequently used but better cardiovascular stability than phenothiazine
Butyrophenones
cause a dose dependent spectrum of CNS depression, sedation, sleep,
anesthesia, coma, and death.
Hypnotic-sedatives
Patients with preexisting preoperative pain or who will painful diagnostic or
therapeutic procedure before anesthetic induction are likely candidates for
opioid preanesthetic medication
A wide margin of safety in otherwise healthy animals is of special benefit under
conditions of limited patient control.
Catamites
improves the reliability of the sedative properties of either drug used alone
without adding further vital organ depression
= tiletamine+ zolazepam
Reliable sedation and potent analgesia with limited vital organ depression
fentanyl + droperidol
is commonly an unwanted effect.
Bradycardia
Induction or stage of voluntary excitement
Stage I
Stage of involuntary excitement
Stage II
Surgical anesthesia
Stage III
Overdose
Stage 4
any substance which temporarily abolishes the sensation of pain.
Analgesic agent
any substance which produces insensibility from which simple stimuli produce a temporary arousal.
Narcotic
narcotic agent used to induce sleep; a taste which may be considered physiological and from which the subject can be easily aroused by a wide variety of
stimuli
Hypnotic
– a narcotic agent which is used to calm a nervous, vicious or excited subject.
Most sedatives cause drowsiness.
Sedative
a substance which produces sedation without at the same time causing drowsiness
Ataractic or tranquilizer –
– a tranquilizer used in human beings in the treatment of psychoses
Neuroleptic
– a substance which produces in human beings a feeling of dissociation from surroundings, unconsciousness, catalepsy, vivid dreams and
analgesia
Dissociative agent
is the drug of choice for the control of seizures in dogs and cats
Phenobarbital
is a good choice for control seizures in cats, but not for dogs,
Diazepam
is toxic to cats.
Primidone
is also known as diphenylhydantoin
Phenytoin
as a gas anesthetic is colorless with an unpleasant smell. It is not
inflammable or explosive but can support convulsion even in the absence of free
oxygen.
Nitrous oxide
may cause hepatic dysfunction
Halothane
