Anemia: Class 2 Flashcards
Normal Hemoglobin levels for male and female
- 14-18 g/dl for Male
2. 12-16 g/dl for Female
Clinical Manifestations of Anemia R/T??
Tissue hypoxia
Normal Hematocrit Level for male and female
- 40-54% for male
2. 38-47% for female
Mild Hemoglobin levels
-Symptoms
10-14 g/dl
- May exist w/out symptoms
- Symptoms may include:
- Fatigue / diaphoresis / palpitations / dyspnea
Moderate Hemoglobin levels
-Symptoms
6-10 g/dl
- Increased cardiopulmonary symptoms
- Experienced at rest or during activity
Severe Hemoglobin levels
<6 g/dl
Integumentary manifestations of Anemia
-All 3
- Pallor
- Jaundice
- Pruritus
Integumentary manifestations of Anemia
-Pallor
- Caused by decreased Hgb and decreased blood flow to skin
- Look for pallor in Pt’s
- Oral mucosa, hands, nail beds, conjunctiva
Integumentary manifestations of Anemia
-Jaundice
- Increase concentration of serum bilirubin
2. Caused by hemolytic anemias (RBC’s lysed releases bilirubin)
Cardiopulmonary manifestations of Anemia
- Increased pulse pressure
- Systolic murmur due to lowered viscosity of the blood
- Angina/MI from Tissue Hypoxia (Ischemia)
Hemolytic Anemias
-Symptoms (severe anemia)
- Splenomegaly
- Bone deformities and fractures
- Jaundice
Aplastic Anemia
-Symptoms (severe anemia)
- Petechiae
2. Purpura
Iron Deficiency Anemia
-Symptoms (severe anemia)
- Behavior disturbances (PICA)
- Spoon shaped nails
- Cheilosis
Pernicious Anemia
-Symptoms (severe anemia)
- Paresthesia
- Proprioception deficits
- Diarrhea
- Sore beefy red tongue
Vitamin B12 Anemia
-Symptoms (severe anemia)
- Headache
- Fainting
- Forgetfulness
- Anorexia
- Nausea
- Night Cramps
Sickle Cell Anemia
-Symptoms (severe anemia)
- Pain
- Gallstones
- Abdominal Pain
- Joint Pain
- Heart Failure
- Chronic leg ulcers
Acute Blood loss
-What to assess?
- Hypovolemic Shock
- hypotension w/ tachycardia
- Changes in level of consciousness - Reduced Plasma Volume
- Decrease amount of RBC causes decreased 02
Acute Blood Loss and Anemia
- Secondary iron deficiency anemia related to blood loss.
- The body might try to refill sources and use up iron stores
- Reticulocyte count will show if a pt is bleeding
Clinical Manifestation of Anemia
-Pain
- Ischemia
2. tissue distention (compression of nerves)
Retroperitoneal bleeding
- Punctured Femoral artery
- change in vascular integrity causes bleeding - Can cause Numbness
- Pain in extremities or back
- bruising
- Listen for bruis over affected area
Pt comes into ER with Blood loss. What do you do?
- Assess for signs of bleeding
- Start two IV’s in both arms
- Give the Pt fluids
Assessment of Stool
- Hemroids are bright red stool
2. Ulcers would be black tarry stools
Nutritional anemias
- Microcytic (small cells) Hypochromic (pale) cells
2. Assess people in low socioeconomic class due to inability to get good nutrition