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Clinical Lecture Series 1 > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal hemoglobin value?

A

12-17 (~15)

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2
Q

What does a hematocrit value assess?

A

The percentage of blood that is red blood cells

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3
Q

What is a normal hematocrit level?

A

36-50%

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4
Q

What does an MCV measure?

A

Mean corpuscular volume (average size of red blood cell)

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5
Q

What MCV level is indicative of macrocytic anemia?

A

> 100 fL

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6
Q

What MCV level is indicative of microcytic anemia?

A

Less than 100

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7
Q

What does MCH measure?

A

Mean cell hemoglobin – average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell

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8
Q

What does MCHC measure?

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration – average concentration of hemoglobin in given volume

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9
Q

Which MCHC value is indicative of hypochromic anemia?

A

Less than 31

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10
Q

Which MCHC value is indicative of normochromic anemia?

A

> 31 g/dL

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11
Q

What is a normal RBC count?

A

4.1-5.6

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12
Q

What does a hemoglobin value measure?

A

The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

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13
Q

What is a normal reticulocyte count?

A

Less than 1.5

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14
Q

What does a high reticulocyte count indicate?

A

High number of immature red blood cells indicates bone marrow response to anemia

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15
Q

Which types of anemia are macrocytic?

A

Hemorrhage, B12 deficiency, folate deficiency

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16
Q

Which types of anemia are normocytic?

A

Prior hemorrhage

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17
Q

Which types of anemia are microcytic?

A

Iron deficiency, prior hemorrhage, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia

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18
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced and where is it released?

A

Produced in kidney, released into bloodstream

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19
Q

When does the body release erythropoietin?

A

In response to hypoxia to increase red blood cell production

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20
Q

How long does it take erythropoietin to increase reticulocyte count?

A

10 days

21
Q

Which patients are advised to receive erythropoietin?

A

Those with anemia due to CKD, those being treated with chemo, those undergoing elective surgery

22
Q

What do labs show in a hemorrhage patient?

A

Normocytic, normochromic, elevated reticulocytes

23
Q

What is the treatment for a patient with hemorrhage?

A

Find source of bleeding, transfuse

24
Q

What does the CBC show in a patient with anemia of chronic disease?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia with normal ferritin and transferrin

25
Q

What is the suggested treatment for anemia of chronic disease?

A

Treat underlying condition, can give iron, blood, erythropoietin (though not shown to improve quality of life)

26
Q

What do labs show in aplastic anemia?

A

Decreased rbc, white blood cell, and platelets (pancytopenia)

27
Q

What is the suggested treatment for aplastic anemia?

A

Short-term immunosuppression, intermittent transfusions, bone marrow transplant if severe

28
Q

List major causes of folate deficiency

A

Alcoholism (especially in the US), poor dietary intake, intestinal malabsorption (Chrons), drug interaction

29
Q

What is G6PD deficiency?

A

X-linked recessive hemolytic anemia causing destruction of red blood cells upon exposure to free radicals

30
Q

List clinical findings of G6PD deficiency

A

Usually asymptomatic, can have jaundice, weakness, tachycardia, hematuria

31
Q

How is G6PD deficiency treated?

A

Self limiting condition with spontaneous resolution – provide supportive care and avoid fava beans

32
Q

What is thalassemia?

A

Hemolytic anemia involving improper production of alpha or beta chains

33
Q

What are the clinical findings of thalassemia?

A

Anemia, cognitive dysfunction, bone deformities (usually diagnosed in infancy)

34
Q

What do labs show in patients with thalassemia?

A

Low MCV, low MCHC, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, low hemoglobin and low hematocrit

35
Q

How is thalassemia treated?

A

Blood transfusion, splenectomy, bone marrow transplant, no real cure (patients often die in their 20s)

36
Q

Describe the labs of a patient with sickle cell anemia

A

Shows sickle cells on peripheral smear

37
Q

What symptoms might a patient with sickle cell anemia experience?

A

Painful crises, splenomegaly, shortness of breath, joint damage, retinopathy, increased infections

38
Q

How is sickle cell anemia treated?

A

Pain medicines, fluids, oxygen, transfusions

39
Q

What do labs show for patients with B12 deficiency anemia?

A

High MCV, normal MCHC, low B12

40
Q

What symptoms do patients with B12 deficiency experience?

A

tingling in extremities, dementia, along with normal signs and symptoms of anemia

41
Q

How is the B12 deficiency best treated?

A

A monthly B12 injection, proper nutrition

42
Q

What do labs show in a patient with folate deficiency?

A

High MCV, normal MCHC, low folate level

43
Q

What symptoms with a patient with folate deficiency experience?

A

Beefy red tongue, usual anemia symptoms

44
Q

How is a folate deficiency best treated?

A

Folic acid pill, avoid alcohol

45
Q

What symptoms with a patient with aplastic anemia experience?

A

Bleeding (thrombocytopenia), infections (leukocytopenia)

46
Q

What do labs show in a patient with iron deficiency anemia?

A

Low MCV, low MCHC, low iron (serum ferritin)

47
Q

What symptoms would you see in a patient with iron deficiency anemia?

A

Glossitis, angular cheilitis, koilonychia, pica, gastric atrophy

48
Q

How is iron deficiency anemia best treated?

A

Give iron, stop bleeding, transfuse if necessary

49
Q

What is Fanconi’s anemia?

A

Inherited aplastic anemia

Clinical Lecture Series 1 (9 decks)

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