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Philosophy and Ethics > Ancient Philosophical Influences > Flashcards

Ancient Philosophical Influences Flashcards

1
Q

Rationalist

A

Someone who thinks that the primary source of knowledge is reason

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2
Q

Empiricist

A

Someone who thinks that the primary source of knowledge is experience gained through the five senses

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3
Q

Socratic method

A

The method of philosophical reasoning which involves critical questioning

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4
Q

Reason

A

Using logical steps and thought processes in order to reach conclusions

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5
Q

Nous

A

Understanding by intellect

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6
Q

The cave allegory

A

A famous analogy written by Plato which he uses to explain some parts of his theory of Forms

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7
Q

Form

A

Eidos

A name Plato gave to ideal concepts

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8
Q

Image

A

Eidolon/Eikon

The things we see that most people believe to be real but which are in fact only reflections of the Forms

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9
Q

Form of Good

A

The highest of all the Forms.

Plato said it was also the source of the other Forms

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10
Q

Universal

A

In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common

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11
Q

Particular

A

In metaphysics, particulars are defined as concrete, spatiotemporal entities as opposed to abstract entities such as properties or numbers

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12
Q

Knowledge

A

Episteme

For Plato knowledge that has been derived by justifying an opinion with an argument (logos)

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13
Q

Opinion

A

Doxa
The quasi-knowledge we obtain from the sensible world as opposed to the true knowledge that we gain from the Realm of Forms

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14
Q

Anamnesis

A

The theory of recollection

According to Plato learning is actually recalling facts from before we are born

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15
Q

Analogy

A

A comparison between one thing and another in an attempt to clarify meaning

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16
Q

Analogy of the Sun

A

Plato’s analogy in which the Form of Good is compared to the Sun

17
Q

Prime Mover

A

Aristotle’s concept of the ultimate cause of movement and change in the universe

18
Q

Telos

A

The end, or purpose, of something

19
Q

Motion

A

Kinesis

For Aristotle natural motions or processes go from potentiality to actuality

20
Q

Potentiality

A

The natural ability to do something, or the built-in possibility of becoming something

21
Q

Actuality

A

Energeia

The fulfillment of a potentiality

22
Q

Four causes

A

Material - what it is made of
Formal - what is its shape
Efficient - who made it
Final - why was it made

23
Q

Strengths of Cave analogy

A

Helps us understand why there are imperfections in the world
Encourages not to accept things at face value
Explains why we can universally recognise certain qualities

24
Q

Weaknesses of Cave analogy

A

Impossible to prove
Good is subjective not universal like Plato suggests
The illustration is nothing like the world we live in so it is hard to relate

25
Q

Strengths of Prime Mover

A

Method can be applied to virtually any object
Logical - there must be a start to the universe that must have been caused as everything else has a cause
PM is not a God that interacts with the world - avoids problem of evil
Explains reason behind motion and change in the world

26
Q

Weaknesses of the Prime Mover

A

If they are so powerful, why cant they interact with the universe
If the prime mover did not think to initiate the start of universe, as it can only think about itself, then how did the universe come into being.
How can the PM be perfect but, but be so ignorant to an entire would he has created

27
Q

Aristotle

A

Monist - soul and body united and cannot exist without each other
Empiricist - Rely on experience + experiment
A posteriori - knowledge gained through experince

28
Q

Plato

A

Dualist - Soul and body are two separate entities
Absolutist - objective truths exist
Rationalist - knowledge is based on the use of reason

29
Q

A posteriori

A

Knowledge or justification is dependent on experience or empirical evidence

30
Q

A priori

A

Knowledge or justification is independent of experience

31
Q

Via negative

A

Describing something by saying what it isnt

32
Q

Via positive

A

Describing something by saying what it is

Philosophy and Ethics (13 decks)

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