Anatomy workbook 3 Flashcards
What three structures make up the birth canal
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Vulva
What are the three layers of the uterus
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium (outer serous layer)
Name the physiological segments of the uterus during pregnancy
- Lower uterine segment (LUS) → formed from isthmus and cervix
- Upper uterine segment (UUS) → formed from body of the uterus
Area of the uterine body that develops into lower uterine segment (check the answer)
Isthmus of the uterus
Which part of the uterus is opened during a caesarean section
- Lower uterine segment
- Part where muscle is at its thinnest
- Lower uterine segment
- Part where muscle is at its thinnest
What is the normal position of the uterus
- Anteverted and ante flexed
What are the implications of a retroverted and retroflexed during pregnancy
- Puts pressure onto bowels (GI symptoms and pelvic pain)
- Pelvic prolapse
Why is it important to know the position of the uterus prior to surgical instrumentation of uterine cavity
- To prevent excessive trauma to the uterine walls
What are the fornices of the vagina and how many are there
- Recesses created by the protrusion of the cervix into the vagina)
- Lateral x2
- Upper anterior
- Upper posterior (largest)
Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch
Upper posterior pouch → culdocentesis
Name the ligaments that anchor the uterus and cervix
- Ovarian ligament
- Suspensory ligament of the ovary
- Round ligament of the uterus
- Broad ligament
Which ligament is called the cardinal ligament of the uterus
Base of the broad ligament (contains uterine artery and vein)
Structures within the pelvis that support the uterus
- Pelvic fascia
- Broad ligament
What are the four parts to the uterine tubes (proximal to distal)
- Intramural/ uterine part
- Isthmus (medial ⅓ part)
- Ampulla
- Infundibulum (containing fimbriae)
What is the longest and widest part of the uterine tube
- Ampula
Fertilisation occurs at which part of the uterine tube
- Lumen of the ampulla
Which two ligaments support the ovaries
- Ovarian ligament (from uterus to ovaries)
- Suspensory ligaments of the ovaries (ovary to pelvic wall)
Blood supply to the goads and genitals is provided by which two branches of the aorta
- Internal iliac arteries
- Ovarian (gonadal arteries)
At what level does the gonadal arteries appear
- L2
How does the ovarian artery enter the ovaries
- Passes within suspensory ligament then the broad ligament to supply the ovaries
What are the respective courses of the left and right gonadal veins
- Left → left renal vein
- Right → inferior vena cava
What is the relation of the uterine artery to the ureters
- Uterine artery crosses over the ureters at the level of the ischial spine, junction of cervix and lateral vaginal fornix
What problems can arise to the female reproductive organs in pelvic surgery
- Damage to the ureter and bladder during Caesarean section or hysterectomy
Which group of lymph nodes drain the ovaries
- para-aortic group of lymph nodes
- Largely follows the artery supply and venous drainage of the ovaries
Lymphatic drainage of fundus and upper uterine body
- Pre-aortic group of lymph nodes
Lymphatic drainage of most of uterine body
- External and internal iliac, obturator, superficial inguinal
Lymphatic drainage of the uterine cervix and upper vagina
- Internal iliac LN
- Sacral LN
Lymphatic drainage of lower vagina
- Superficial inguinal LN
What are the boundaries of the mammary glands
- Laterally → mid-axillary line
- Medially → lateral border of sternum
- Superiorly → second thoracic rib
- Inferiorly → sixth thoracic rib
What structures are related deep to the mammary gland
- Pectoralis major
- Pectoralis minor
- Serratus anterior
Blood supply to the mamary glands
- Branches of subclavian and axillary arteries
What are the main lymph nodes that drain the mammary glands
- Internal mammary
- Apical/ sub scapular
- posterior/subscapular
- Lateral
- Apical = receives all of the above
Which group of lymph nodes receive lymph from the lateral part of the breast tissue
Central and pectoral groups
Identify the type fo tissue in histology
- Breast tissue
- Inactive (before pregnancy)
