ANATOMY : THE HEART Flashcards
What are the layers of heart wall?
outside to IN
start from pericardium –>heart wall
(3)
1) Right next to and part of Pericardium ==>EPICARDIUM:
- known also as visceral pericardium
2) Myocardium =thickest layer of heart wall made of cardiac muscle cells
3) Endocardium =next to heart inner most lining of heart made of endothelial cells , loose connective tissue , blood vessels , branches of the conducing system.
remember the pericardium :
1- most laterally =Fibrous pericardium
2-Next= Parietal layer of serous pericardium
3-Visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium)—>attaches to heart wall
trick to remember :
endocardium = heart END
what is the structure of the pericardium ?
3
Pericardium surrounds the heart !
Furthest on the OUTSIDE
=>Fibrous Pericardium limits motion of heart ( solid )
=>Serous Pericardium is 2 LAYERS with pericardial fluid in between
-Parietal Pericardium
-Visceral Pericardium (next to heart can also be called the epicardium as it surrounds heart very closely)
contain fluid in-between!
describe the structural features of the valves
-AV valves
-Sl valve
(4)
Right AV valve = Tricuspid
Left AV valve = bicuspid
= make sure the blood flows in the right direction
=chordae Tendinae = chords which connect AV valve to papillary muscle
SL valves =control blood flow into arteries ( blood doesn’t flow back because it is caught In pockets of SL valve)
describe the impulse conducing system of the heart
1)SAN =atrial contraction
2)AV node =ventricular contraction
wave of excitation
purkyne fibres
list and describe the layers of the walls of blood vessels
3
1) Tunica Intima=lumen =(endothelium and CT)
2) Tunica Media (smooth muscle & elastic fibres )
3) Tunica Adventia (loose connective tissue ,blood vessels
compare & contrast the structure of arteries and veins
6
Arteries : Oxygenated blood
- MUCH THICKER
- High pressure blood
- no valves
- Elastics artery, Muscular Artery, Aterioles
- Tunica MEDIA IS THE BIGGEST LAYER
Veins= Deoxygenated Blood
- VALVES to prevent back flow
- Biggest layer =TUNICA ADVENTIA
- once cell thick made of endothelium
- large sized veins= lots of smooth muscle
- medium sized veins= less smooth muscle
layers around heart from most external to Internal Please Enjoy My Energy (4)
1) Pericardium
2) Epicardium
3) Myocardium
4) Endocardium
Outline the aortic arch ?
4
1) Acending Aorta
2) Brachiocephalic artery –>splits into right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery
3) Left common carotid artery
4) Left subclavian artery
what’s in the superior mediastinum?
LET VPL
+2 vessels
L-Longers Coli Muscles E-Esophagus T-Trachea V-vagus nerve P-phrenic nerves L-Left recurrent laryngeal nerve \+superior vena cava \+aorta
what are the features of the Right atrium and what do they do ? -veins -muscles of wall -artifact (7)
Blood arrives from 3 veins :
1-superior vena cava
2-inferior vena cava
3-Coronery sinus( drains venus blood from heart )
4-Muscles = smooth at the bottom but ROUGH at the top=PECTINATE muscles are comb like muscles which increase power of contraction
5-Artifact =Fossa Ovalis , remnant of the foramen ovale
6-auricle (ear = to increase the capacity )
7-valve to R ventricles = TRICUSPID VALVE (
What are the features of the Left Atrium ?
4
1-4 VEINS =4xL/R Pulmonary veins
2-Bottom of the left atrium wall is smooth but the top has RIGID pectinate muscles
3-auricle( to increase capacity )
4-leads to BICUSPID MITRAL VALVE
what are the features of the Right Ventricle? 1-muscles wall (TcCt) 2-where does blood travel to 3-seperation 4-valves (4)
1-ridges of cardiac muscle =trabeculae carneae –>cone shaped version is called papillary muscle which is connected to the chordae tendineae = which are connected to the cusps of the tricuspid valve
(trabeculae carneae –>Papillary muscle –>chordae tendineae –>cusps of valve )
2-Blood travels to pulmonary trunk
3-Seprate left and right septum via intraventricular septum
4-Semi lunar valve =pulmonary valve
What are the features of the Left Ventricle ? -valves -chamber wall -atifacts (4)
- thickest chamber = pumps blood to aortia = hence the whole body
- trabeculae carneae–>Papillary muscles –> chordae tendaea–>cusps of BICUSPID MITRAL VALVE
- aortic semi lunar valves
- artifact = ligamentum arteriosum ( remains of the ductus arteriosus )
What does a fetal heart have and what do they form in an adult heart ?
(4)
1-Foramen Ovale =opening in atria to allow blood to pass through to the L.Atrium and bypass lungs it turns into the Fossa Ovalis
2-Ductus Arteriosus =connects pulmonary artery to aorta so blood gets pumped around body (bypass lungs)
this turns into Ligamentum Arteriosum which connects aorta to pulmonary trunk!
3) ductus venosus (bypasses liver)=ligamentum venosum
4)umbilical arteries=umbilical ligaments
where would I listen to heart sounds ? 1-Aortic semi lunar valve 2-Pulmonary semi lunar 3-tricuspid valve 4-Bicuspid / Mitral valve (4)
1- Aortic Semi lunar valve - right 2nd INT COST space
2-Pulmonary valve - Left 2nd intercostal space (left sternal border)
3-Tricuspid valve -Left 4th intercostal space(left sternal border= close to sternum
4-Bicuspid valve -left 5th Intercostal space - midclavicular line
outline the pathway of fetal blood from placenta through heart
(6)
1-blood from placenta via Umbilical vein. –>Liver but shortcuts through DUCTUS VENOSUS and joins Inferior VC
2-RA–>LA via FORAMEN OVALE from high pressure to low
3-Some blood actually goes to Right Ventricle —> Pulmonary trunk –> DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS to AORTA
4- deoxygenated blood returns via Umbilical arteries to placenta
fetal circulation adaptations
5
1-Umbilical vein - blood to the heart (OXYGENATED)
2-Ductus venosus- short cut to inferior vena cava and mixed OX blood with deoxygenated blood
3-Foramen Ovale -shunts blood from RA–>LA
4-ductus arteriosus-shunts blood from pulmonary trunk->aorta
5-Umblical arteries - blood to placenta to get oxygenated
How does fetal circulation change after taking the first breath ?
1-Placenta is removed :
- umbilical chord is cut so the resistance increases around Umbilical arteries and vein :) blood flow is also reduced
-Whartons jelly contracts around the U arteries /veins = squeezes them so resistance increases!
-less flow to umbilical vein so the DUCTUS VENOSUS is unused and closes in days
2-Lungs take in air
-reistance DROPS as arterioles vasodialate
-leads to lower pressure in pulmonary artery , RV,RA
-this means the pulmonary veins can now pass oxygenated blood to LA ( pressure increases)
consequence of these things :
-FORAMEN OVALE closes of as BP drops in RA
-DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS = CLOSES as smooth muscle constricts due to high O2 and reduced Prostaglandin levels ( placenta removed so PG level drops)=consticts
-UMBILICAL ARTERIES = sense increased O2 levels/Reduced prostaglandins = smooth muscle vasoconstriction = less blood flow to placenta so they close !
remember the SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY SYSTEMS HAVE DIFFERENT RESPONSE TO LOW OXYGEN :
SYSTEMIC : vasodilation to increase O2 supply to organ
PULMONARY: SHUNTING = some areas vasoconstriction and some areas vasodialate ( blood Is shunted towards an area where more oxygen is available - to compensate for the decrease in ventilation )
what are the heart sounds?
2
1- lub = AV valves closing
2-Dub= SL valves closing
What is the mitral valve cusps? (2) where do the chordinae tendinae attach?
1- anterior and posterior cuff
2-anterior cuff attaches to chordinae tendinae
what are the tricuspid valve cusps ? (3)
1-Anterior
2-Posterior
3-Septal
(there are 2 anterior cuffs so the chordinae tendinae attach there)
