Anatomy/ Physiology Blood

Question 1

what are the main fluid compartments

3

Answer 1

60% of Adult MALE= water ( females are 50% because they have more fat and more oestrogen ( fatty hormone))
Water is split into :
–>Extracellular fluid =1/3x total
-Plasma = 1/4 of ECF
-Interstitial fluid is 3/4 of ECF = fluid between the cells
–>Intracellular fluid =2/3 of total

Question 2

explain how the compartments of blood are measured
(2)
interstitial (1)
intracellular(1)

Answer 2

Add evenly distributed , non toxic indicator of a known CONCENTRATION AND MASS
use : c=mass/volume
rearrange for volume =mass/conc
1)interstitial fluid = > ECF-plasma
2)Intracellular => total body water-ECF
these two can’t be measure directly hence need subtraction

Question 3

what are the main electrolytes in blood in ECF AND ICF

2

Answer 3

1) ECF = higher conc of NA+/cl-/Hco3-

2) ICF=higher conc of K+/phosphates / negatively charged proteins

Question 4

explain the mechanisms responsible for fluid exchange between main compartments

Answer 4

• osmolarity

- movement of water Is passive due to hydrostatic pressure

Question 5

how does the body increase the body water levels ?

4

Answer 5

1)effective circulating volume of water decreases
2)this causes us to be thirsty and ADH release from pituitary gland
3)increased thirst = more water uptake
increased ADH = decreased water excretion ( ur body holds onto water)
4)water retention increases

Question 6

what are the cells present in blood ( quote percentages if u can )
(5)

Answer 6

Blood :
other fluids =92%
whole blood 8% = plasma / formed elements

Blood plasma =56% of whole blood = proteins , water, solutes

Formed elements =44% of whole blood

• platlets 150,000-400,000
• Rbc 4.8-5.5M
• WBC 5,000-10,000

Question 7

What is Haemopoiesis ?
there are two pathways called ——
what are made in each ?—-
(4)

Answer 7

-manufacture of blood cells from bone marrow
Pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow = 2 paths
1)Common myeloid Progenitor
produces
-megakaryocyte ( produces platelets)
-RBC
-mast cell
-Myeoblasts ( basophils,neutrophils,eosinophils,monocytes)

2) Common lymphoid progenitor
- small lymphocytes = B/T cells
- Natural killer cells = T killer cells

Question 8

what are the 5 types of WBC 
Quote abundance 
name some properties :
-shape of nucleus
-is it a granulocyte
-diameter
-what do the granules contain?
-Function

Never 
Let 
Monkeys 
Eat
bananas 

=>knowledge test (10)

Answer 8

1) Neutrophils =most common /60-70%(granulocyte)
-quickest to respond = works via chemotaxis / 2-5lobed nucleus
- 12um-14um diameter
2)Lymphocytes =20-25% (Agranulocytes)
nucleus makes up most of the cell
involved in adaptive immune response
3)Monocytes =3-8% (Agranulocyte)
kidney bean nucleus /become specialised macrophages
large cells= 12um-20um
4)Eosinophils =2-4% (Granulocyte)
bilobed nucleus ( reddish tinge)
granules contain vesicles and lysosomes with histamine =>regulate local inflammatory response ( allergic and parasitic)
5)Basophils = x<1% (Granulocytes)
lobed nucleus
granules contain :
HEPARIN =anti coagulant
HiSTAMINE = vasodilator
this allows basophils to function in systemic inflammation and allergies

Question 9

neutrophils

• abundance
• granulocyte
• lobes
• how do they work ?
• response ?

Answer 9

Neutrophils =most common 60-70%

• > 2-5 lobed nucleus
• granulocyte
• quickest to respond
• works via chemotaxis =>destroy bacteria, fungi
• phagocytosis

Question 10

outline how chemotaxis occurs

-how does the phagocyte know where to go (6)

Answer 10

1) activation of resting phagocytes via inflammatory mediators=cytokines are rebased by macrophages , pathogen itself
2) phagocytes move towards cytokines =chemotaxis
3) neutrophils stick to the side of the capillary and role along to make sure they stick to the sire of infection
4) DIAPEDESIS =movement of neutrophils from blood to tissue
5) Recognition and attachment to phagocyte to pathogen
6) Ingestion and degradation of bacteria via lysosomes and hydrolytic enzyme

Question 11

Eosinophil
-abundance 
-nucleus
-granules
-use
(4)

Answer 11

abundance =2.5%
1-bi-LOBED NUCLEUS
2-red cytoplasmic granules
3-Migrate to areas of infection chemotaxis = less active than phagocytes
4-used in parasitic infections /allergic response .
an increase in eosinophils are associated with asthma, parasites, hayfever

Question 12

basophils 
1-nuclues
2-granules ?
3-use
4-abundance 
(4)

Answer 12

0.75% abundance
1-Bi-lobed nucleus
2-Large purple cytoplasmic granules
3- allergic responses, attract other WBC ,migrate to areas of infection , parasitic repsonse = similar to mast cells

Question 13

Lymphocytes
types 
abundance 
nucleus 
cytoplasm 
granules ?
(4)

Answer 13

20-40% abundance
1-sperical nucleus takes up most of the space within cell
2-pale blue cytoplasm
4-T/ B/ Natural killer cells =non specific cells
5-no granules

Question 14

Monocytes 
-nucleus 
-cytoplasm 
-how does it work 
-granules?
(4)

Answer 14

Monocytes =5% abundance 
1-kidney bean nucleus 
2-blue cytoplasm 
3- They are phagocytic 
they attract other WBCs and Fibroblasts - after 3 days =>they become Macrophages and enter the tissue 
4-no granules

Question 15

what is the difference between serum and plasma?

1

Answer 15

1-serum doesn’t have clotting factors

Question 16

what is the plasma composition ?
main plasma protein ?
(4)

Answer 16

1-Plasma proteins = 7%
2-Solutes =1%
3-Water =92%
main protein in plasma :
->Albumin = 60%
->Globulins=35%
->Fibrinogen =4%
Plasma has more negatively charged proteins!

Question 17

function of Albumin ?
(2)

Answer 17

1-transports AA, enzymes., drugs=Warfrin

2-Exerts plasma = oncotic pressure regulation

Question 18

Function of Globulin ?

2

Answer 18

1-transports ions, hormones, vitamins

2-defence against pathogens via gamma globulins = antibodies produces by plasma cells

Question 19

Function of Fibrinogen ?

1

Answer 19

1-Blood clotting

fibrinogen —>fibrin insoluble via enzyme called thrombin

Question 20

what’s cyanosis ?

4

Answer 20

bluish colour of skin due to high level of Deoxyhaemoglobin

1) Peripheral cyanosis : extremities ( fingers and toes =blue):
- blood flow decreases
- oxygen blood level decreases)

2)Central Cyanosis = low Hb sat, abnormal Hb
=lips, tongue and mucous membrane = blue
-high altitudes=less O2 uptake
-O2 level bellow 85%

Question 21

what is Partial pressure? what is oxygen concentration ?
Give the normal PP & gas content for O2 In arterial , venous blood?
(4)

Answer 21

• Partial pressure is oxygen dissolved in PLASMA
• Oxygen concentration = (Hb+ Oxygen saturation) + PO2 in Plasma
• Oxygenated blood= pO2 =12.7Kpa or 95mmHg
• Deoxygenated blood and tissue fluid =40mmHg =5.4Kpa

Question 22

Describe the carriage of O2 by blood in physical solution; Oxyhemoglobin
% quotes
total O2 in body?

Answer 22

1)Dissolved In plasma (2%)
2)binds to Hb => Hb+O2 –>HbO2(98%)
total O2 in body and blood = 150g/l -200g/l

Question 23

Oxygen dislocation curve for:
a)arterial blood
b)Venous blood
c)fetal blood
d)anemic blood
(8)

Answer 23

a)Arterial Blood = The PO2 of the arterial blood PO2 (100 mm Hg), Hb sat = 100%
b)Venous Blood=Reaches 75% Oxyhaemoglobin sat
PO2 of tissues determines venous blood PO2 (40 mm Hg)
VENOUS blood has a lower AFFINTIY for O2 hence is shifted to the RHS

c) Fetal blood = higher affinity shift to LHS =p50 is lower (oxygen affinity at lower concentration is HIGHER)
d) Anemic blood SHOULDNT BE LOOKED AT VIA ODC because the graph uses percentages so although there are fewer RBC, and fewer Molecules of Hb the saturation % would still be the same (97-98% of the sites will still be available )= looks like a normal ODC

Question 24

Causes for hypoxia ?

name 3 (3)

Answer 24

lack of O2

• high altitudes
• iron deficiency
• CO poisening
• shock , heart failure , embolism
• cyanide poisoning

Question 25

what is Ficks principle ?

1

Answer 25

Oxygen consumption

(Arterio-Venous difference )x cardiac output

Question 26

What does it mean to have :
-A
-B
-O
-AB
-RhD
(5)

Answer 26

1-A+ =has antigen for A nd antibodies for B .

2-B=Antigen B with Antibodies for A

3-O=No antigen but BOTH A/B antibodies ( universal donor)

4-AB= both A/B antigen and no ANTIBODIES! Universal acceptor

5-RhD = D antigen is most important rhesus antigen ! Antibodies = not made unless RH+ AND RH- mix!

Question 27

what properties effect blood flow ?

4

Answer 27

1-Blood always flows from hIgh pressure to low
2-There is 2 types of flow : Laminar and Turbulent
3-resistance in series and parallel blood capillaries
4-Hagen Poisseuille law =
FLOW=(P1-P2)Xr^4 /8Ln
p1-p2=pressure difference
r=radius to the power 4
L=length
n=viscosity coefficient
so to increase the flow, we would :
–>increase pressure difference by increasing CO
–>increase radius
–>change the viscosity coefficient (smaller)

Question 28

how can blood flow be measured ?

6

Answer 28

1)Doppler flowmeter (sound pulses via doppler shift )

Doppler Effect : For instance, when a trainmoves towards you, the frequency of the sound waves increases=higher pitch. Conversely, if it moves away from you, the frequency decreases and the pitch comes down.

The Doppler flow meter operates by transmitting ultrasonic waves into the flow stream and measuring the frequency shift of the reflected wave-hence you can tell Flow rate

2) Ficks principle to measure blood Flow:
CO = VO2(o2 consumption) / (Ca - Cv)

3) Venous Occlusion Plethysmography = changes in volume in different areas of body via BP cuffs .
Arm or leg is put into water tight container machine and venous drainage is stopped! Rate of flow into the extremity (arm or leg) is now proportional to the volume change observed !
The inflow of arterial blood and filling of veins are recorded!
(you can measure time taken to Fill etc = measures flow)