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Head and Neck Anatomy > Anatomy Test II > Flashcards

Anatomy Test II Flashcards

1
Q

“Nerve Hoppers”

A

From the PP ganglion –> back to V2 –> Zygomatic N –> Lacrimal Nerve (from V1)

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2
Q

3 types of Neurons from the pre-central gyrus

A
  1. Fibers to the superior portion of the contralateral facial motor nucleus 2. Fibers to the inferior portion of the contralateral facial motor nucleus 3. Fibers to the inferior portion of the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus
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3
Q

Accessory Facial Nodes

A

-Drain to Submandibular Lymph nodes 1. Mandibular: mody of mandible and anterior border of masseter 2. Buccal: In cheek between corner of mouth and anterior border of masseter 3. Infraorbital: Infraorbital area

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4
Q

Actions of Extrinsic Muscles of Tongue

A
  1. Palatoglossus: Elevation and Retrusion 2. Genioglossus: Depression and Protrusion 3. Hyoglossus: Depression and Retrusion 4. Styloglossus: Elevation and retrusion
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5
Q

After synapsing in the Submandibular ganglion, where does the chorda tympani travel?

A
  1. Back to the Lingual N and then to the sublingual gland and misc glands of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue 2. To the Submandibular gland
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6
Q

Another name for the pterygomandibular depression

A

Pterygo-temporal depression

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7
Q

Another name for the soft palate

A

Palatine velum (curtain)

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8
Q

Another name for the sublingual duct

A

Bartholin’s Duct

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9
Q

Another name for the submandibular duct

A

Wharton’s Duct

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10
Q

Anterior Cranial Fossa

A
  1. Anterior Ethmoidal Canal 2. Posterior Ethmoidal Canal 3. Foramen Cecum 4. Cribriform Foramina or Perforations
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11
Q

Anterior Ethmoidal Canal

A

Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve, Artery, and Vein

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12
Q

Anterior wall of the Oropharynx

A

Posterior surface of the tongue

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13
Q

Atkinosi-Veronzi Injection

A

-Closed-mouth injection -Slide needle oppposite maxillary teeth and keep going -Will always go through deep tendon of the temporalis

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14
Q

Auditory Tube Length and location

A

-1.5” long -Tympanic cavity in middle ear to Nasopharynx

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15
Q

Auditory Tube parts

A
  1. Cartilagenous part: Anteromedial 2/3 = 1” 2. Osseous Part (musculotubal canal): Posterolateral 1/3 = 1/2”
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16
Q

Blood supply of TMJ

A
  1. First 2 branches of maxillary artery (deep auricular artery and anterior tympanic artery) 2. Branches of the Superficial Temporal Artery 3. Directly from External Carotid Artery
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17
Q

Boundaries of the Nasopharynx

A

Choanae to Pharyngeal isthmus

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18
Q

Branches after infraorbital artery passes through the infraorbital foramen

A
  1. Inferior palpebral N (to inf eyelid) 2. Lateral Nasal N (to lateral nose) 3. Superior Labial A (to upper lip)
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19
Q

Branches of Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve

A
  1. External Nasal branch (to skin of nose) 2. Internal Nasal branch
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20
Q

Branches of Nasociliary Nerve

A
  1. Communicating branch (to ciliary ganglion) 2. 1 or 2 long ciliary nerves (SNS and afferents) 3. Infratrochlear N 4. Posterior Ethmoidal N 5. Anterior Ethmoidal N (continuation of Nasociliary Nerve)
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21
Q

Branches of the Anterior division of V3

A
  1. Masseteric N 2. Anterior and Posterior Deep temporal N’s 3. Nerves to the lateral pterygoids 4. Long Buccal N
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22
Q

Branches of the Auriculotemporal N

A
  1. Parotid 2. Anterior Auricular 3. TMJ 4. Scalp
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23
Q

Branches of the descending palatine A

A
  1. Greater Palatine A 2. Lesser Palatine A
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24
Q

Branches of the frontal nerve

A
  1. Supratrochlear N 2. Supraorbital N (continuation of frontal N)
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25
Q

Branches of the IAA

A
  1. Mylohyoid A (outside of Mandibular canal) 2. Dental Branches 3. Gingival branches 4. Mental Artery 5. Incisive Artery
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26
Q

Branches of the Incisive Artery

A
  1. Dental branches 2. Gingival branches
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27
Q

Branches of the Infraorbital artery

A
  1. MSA A 2. ASA A 3. Facial branches
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28
Q

Branches of the Mandibular part (and corresponding foramen)

A
  1. Deep Auricular A. (external auditory meatus and TMJ) 2. Anterior Tympanic A. (Petrotympanic fissure (w/chorda tympani) to middle ear) 3. Middle Meningeal A. (Foramen spinosum) 4. Accessory Meningeal A. (Foramen Ovale) 5. Inferior Alveolar A. (Mandibular foramen)
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29
Q

Branches of the Maxillary Nerve

A
  1. Meningeal N (in MCF) 2. Pterygopalatine branches 3. PSA N 4. Zygomatic N 5. Infraorbital N
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30
Q

Branches of the Ophthalmic Nerve and their relative location to one another

A
  1. Frontal Nerve (superior and medial) 2. Lacrimal Nerve (superior and lateral) 3. Nasociliary Nerve (inferior) 4. Tentorial Branch
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31
Q

Branches of the Posterior division of V3

A
  1. Auriculotemporal N 2. Lingual N 3. Inferior Alveolar N
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32
Q

Branches of the pterygoid part

A
  1. Posterior deep temporal A 2. Pterygoid A’s 3. Masseteric A 4. Buccal A 5. Anterior deep temporal A
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33
Q

Branches of the Pterygoid part

A
  1. Posterior deep temporal A 2. Pterygoid A’s 3. Masseteric A 4. Buccal A 5. Anterior deep temporal A
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34
Q

Branches of the Pterygopalatine branches of the Maxillary Nerve

A
  1. Orbital N 2. Posterior Superior Nasal N 3. Nasopalatine N 4. (Descending) Palatine Nerves (Greater and Lesser) 5. Pharyngeal N
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35
Q

Branches of the pterygopalatine part

A
  1. PSA A 2. Infraorbital A 3. Descending Palatine A 4. Pharyngeal A 5. Artery of pterygoid canal 6. Artery to foramen rotundum 7. Sphenopalatine A
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36
Q

Branches of the Pterygopalatine part

A
  1. PSA A 2. Infraorbital A 3. Descending palatine A 4. Pharyngeal A 5. Artery of the pterygoid canal 6. Artery to the foramen rotundum 7. Sphenopalatine A
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37
Q

Branches of the Sphenopalatine A

A
  1. Posterior superior nasal A 2. Posterior inferior nasal A 3. Nasopalatine A
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38
Q

Branches of the Undivided Trunk of V3 and type

A
  1. Recurrent Meningel Nerve (sensory) 2. Nerve to tensor tympani (motor) 3. Nerve to tensor veli palatini (motor) 4. Nerve to medial pterygoid (motor)
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39
Q

Branches of the Zygomatic Nerve

A
  1. Zygomaticotemporal N 2. Zygomaticofacial N
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40
Q

Bridge of nose

A

bony dorsum of nose

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41
Q

Caldwell Luc Procedure

A

-If you cut the sphenopalatine A or the Greater palatine A and it retracts back to the Pterygopalatine fossa -Make an incision “window” in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus, then make an incision “window” in the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus and the artery should be visible in the pterygopalatine fossa (alternative would be to ligate Ext. Carotid)

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42
Q

Carotid Foramen

A
  1. Internal Carotid Artery and Internal Carotid Plexus
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43
Q

Cartilages of the nose

A
  1. Septal cartilage with lateral processes 2. Major Alar cartilages 3. Minor Alar cartilages
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44
Q

Chief movements of the mandible

A
  1. Depression 2. Elevation 3. Protrusion/Protraction 4. Retrusion/Retraction 5. Lateral movements
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45
Q

Condyloid Canal

A

Emissary Vein (from Veins of Suboccipital Triangle to Sigmoid Sinuses)

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46
Q

Cribriform Foramina or Perforations

A

Olfactory Nerve Fibers

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47
Q

Deep Cervical Lymph nodes

A
  1. Superior Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes 2. Inferior Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes 3. Pretracheal and Paratracheal lymph nodes 4. Accessory Lymph nodes 5. Transverse Cervical/Cervical Sentinel Lymph nodes
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48
Q

Depression of mandible

A
  1. Inferior head of the lateral pterygoid (sliding) 2. Anterior belly of the digastric (hinge) 3. Mylohyoid (hinge) 4. Geniohyoid (hinge)
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49
Q

Distribution of Pterygopalatine branches

A
  1. Nasal cavity 2. Nasopharynx 3. Hard and soft palate 4. Orbit
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50
Q

Distribution of Submandibular Ganglion

A
  1. Submandibular glands 2. sublingual glands
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51
Q

Distribution of the Pterygopalatine Ganglion

A
  1. Lacrimal gland 2. nasal and palatine glands
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52
Q

Divisions of the Dorsum of the tongue

A
  1. Superior surface/Oral part/Anterior 2/3 2. Posterior surface/Pharyngeal part/Posterior 1/3
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53
Q

Divisions of the Pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx/Hypopharynx
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54
Q

Drainage Order of Lymphatics

A
  1. Lymphatics all over H&N 2. Regional Superficial Lymph Nodes 3. Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes 4. Efferent lymph vessels form jugular lymph trunks 5. drain into Thoracic duct (L) or Right lymphatic duct (R) 6. Brachiocephalic vein on respective side
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55
Q

Eagle’s Syndrome and Palatine Tonsils

A

The palatine tonsils may cushion the calcified stylohyoid ligament and elongated styloid process, causing the pt to be aSxic. However, if the palatine tonsils are removed, they may cause the patient to be Sxic again.

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56
Q

Elevation of mandible

A
  1. Temporalis 2. Masseter 3. Medial Pterygoid
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57
Q

Facial Nerve Function Tests

A
  1. Muscles of Facial Expression 2. Stylohyoid and Post belly of digastric (swallowing) 3. Posterior Auricular Nerve (wiggling ears?) 4. Chorda tympani (Taste to ant 2/3 of tongue and PSNS to glands) 5. Nerve to Stapedius (Sensitivity to loud noises) 6. GPN (Lacrimal gland, nasal and palatine glands)
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58
Q

Fauces

A

Space in the oropharynx between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

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59
Q

Features of the Hard Palate

A
  1. Median Palatine raphe 2. Incisive papilla 3. Transverse palatine folds (rugae) 4. Palatine fovea/monkey eyes/snake eyes
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60
Q

Features of the ventral surface of the tongue

A
  1. (median) Lingual frenum 2. Profunda lingua V 3. Profunda Lingua A 4. Terminal branches of lingual N 5. Plicae fimbriata/fimbriated fold
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61
Q

Foramen Cecum

A

Emissary Vein (Veins of Frontal Sinus and Nose to Sup. Sagittal Sinus)

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62
Q

Foramen Lacerum

A

Emissary Vein

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63
Q

Foramen Magnum

A
  1. Junction of Brain and Spinal Cord 2. Junction of Dura Mater and Spinal Cord 3. Vertebral Arteries (w/Sympathetic Plexus) 4. Verterbal Veins 5. Blood Vessels of Spinal Cord
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64
Q

Foramen Ovale

A
  1. V3: Mandibular Nerve 2. Accessory Meningeal Artery 3. Lesser Petrosal Nerve 4. Emissary Vein (from Cavernous Sinus to Pterygoid Plexus)
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65
Q

Foramen Rotundum

A
  1. V2: Maxillary Nerve 2. Artery to Foramen Rotundum
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66
Q

Foramen Spinosum

A
  1. Middle Meningeal Artery 2. Sympathetic Plexus 3. Recurrent Branch of V3 (Meningeal Branch)
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67
Q

Foramen Vesalii

A

Emissary Vein (from Cavernous Sinus to Pterygoid Plexus)

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68
Q

Frenula/Frena in the mouth

A
  1. Superior Labial Frenulum 2. Inferior Labial Frenulum 3. Lateral Frena (usually near premolar area)
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69
Q

Function of the tensor tympani

A

controls vibration of the tympanic membrane to dampen loud noises

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70
Q

Functions of the Paranasal sinuses

A
  1. Decrease the weight of the skull while enlarging the face 2. Air jackets, protecting sensitive areas of the skull from cold air, etc. 3. Sound production/resonance
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71
Q

General Innervation of Muscles of Mastication

A

Mandibular Nerve V3

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72
Q

General rule of muscles of the soft palate

A

All muscles of soft palate originate or insert into the palatine aponeurosis

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73
Q

Glandular openings in the vestibule

A
  1. Parotid Papilla (opposite 2nd maxillary molar) 2. Lingual and buccal glands
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74
Q

Gow-Gates injection

A

-Insert needle 27mm deep and hit pterygoid fovea -risk of hitting maxillary artery

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75
Q

Greater Palatine Foramen (Canal)

A

Greater Palatine Nerve, Artery, and Vein

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76
Q

Hiatus for Lesser Petrosal Nerve

A

Lesser Petrosal Nerve

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77
Q

Hiatus of Facial Canal

A

Greater Petrosal Nerve

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78
Q

How can you tell if the maxillary artery is a superficial or deep route in the absence of muscle?

A

The deep route usually has a common trunk between the posterior deep temporal A and the IAA

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79
Q

How is a PSA block given?

A

45 degrees from second molar and 45 degrees lateral to the plane to a depth of 15 mm

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80
Q

How is a PSA infiltration given?

A

30 degrees from the maxillary 2nd molar at a depth of 3-7 mm into the “triangle of safety”

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81
Q

How long is the submandibular duct and where does it empty?

A

It is 2” long and empties via 1-3 orifices in the sublingual caruncle/papilla

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82
Q

Hypoglossal Canal

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

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83
Q

If a CVA occurred in the Right pre-central gyrus, what deficit would be evident?

A

The left inferior portion of the face would experience ptosis (drooping)

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84
Q

If the Lingual Nerve is cut near the 3rd molar, which functions are lost?

A
  1. Sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue 2. Sensation to the lingual gingiva of all mandibular teeth 3. Sensation to the floor of the mouth (sublingual sulcus) 4. Taste to the Anterior 2/3 of the tongue 5. Parasympathetics (secretomotor) to the sublingual gland and misc. glands in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
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85
Q

If the Lingual Nerve is damaged during a 3rd molar extraction, what is lost and what is retained?

A

4 and 1/2 functions lost 1/2. PSNS to sublingual and misc glands of ant 2/3 of tongue 1. Taste to ant 2/3 of tongue 2. Gen. sensation to ant 2/3 of tongue 3. Sensation to lingual gingiva of all mandibular teeth (primary source) 4. Sensation to floor of mouth (sublingual sulcus) Not lost 1. PSNS to submandibular gland

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86
Q

If you apprach the TMJ from the lateral side, which compartment will you enter first?

A

The superior/temporodiscal compartment

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87
Q

If you have bleeding gums, from which source did the blood come from?

A

50% from the internal source and 50% from the external source

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88
Q

If your patient was experiencing ptosis (drooping) of the Left inferior quadrant of the face, what are the possible causes?

A
  1. Upper motor neuron injury (ie CVA) in the Right pre-central gyrus 2. Lower motor neuron injury in the Superior portion of the Facial motor nucleus or the Cervicofacial division
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89
Q

Incisive Foramen

A
  1. Greater Palatine Artery 2. Nasopalatine Nerve
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90
Q

Inferior Orbital Fissure

A
  1. Infraorbital Artery and Vein 2. Zygomatic Nerve 3. Orbital Branch of Pterygopalatine Nerves 4. Vein from orbit to Pterygoid Plexus
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91
Q

Innervation of the Soft palate muscles and exception

A

-All innervated by CNs 9,10,&11 (mainly Vagus) -Tensor Veli Palatini innervated by V3

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92
Q

Internal Auditory Meatus

A
  1. CN 8: Vestibulocochlear 2. CN 7: Facial Nerve
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93
Q

Internal Carotid Plexus/Nerve

A

Post ganglionic sympathetic fibers carried via blood vessels in the head and neck

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94
Q

Internal Opening of Carotid Canal

A
  1. Internal Carotid Artery and Internal Carotid Plexus 2. Emissary Vein (from Cavernous Sinus to Pharyngeal Vein)
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95
Q

Joint compartments (shape and movement)

A
  1. Superior/Temporodiscal space: Concavoconvex/sigmoid; Sliding movement 2. Inferior/Condylodiscal space: Concave; Hinge movement
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96
Q

Jugular Foramen

A
  1. Internal Jugular Vein 2. Inferior Petrosal Sinus 3. CN 9: Glossopharyngeal Nerve 4. CN 10: Vagus Nerve 5. CN 11: Spinal Accessory Nerve
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97
Q

Kiesselbach’s Area

A

Anterior aspect of nasal septum

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98
Q

Lateral movements of mandible

A
  1. Inferior head of lateral pterygoid (on contralateral side) 2. Temporalis (both sides)
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99
Q

Lateral Pterygoid innervation

A

Lateral pterygoid nerves of V3 (travel together and then split to go to different heads)

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100
Q

Lateral Pterygoid names

A
  1. Pterygoideus Lateralis 2. External Pterygoid (old name)
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101
Q

Lateral wall of Nasopharynx

A
  1. Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 2. Tubal Elevation/Torus Tubarius 3. Salpingopharyngeal Fold 4. Levator Veli Palatini 5. Pharyngeal Recess containing the tubal tonsils
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102
Q

Lateral wall of the Oropharynx

A
  1. Double arches 2. Tonsillar fossa w/Palatine (Faucial) tonsils
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103
Q

Lesser Palatine Foramen

A
  1. Lesser Palatine Nerve, Artery, and Vein 2. Middle Palatine Nerve, Artery, and Vein
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104
Q

Levator Palatine

A

Origin: Inferior surface of apex of petrous part of temporal bone and cartilagenous part of pharyngotympanic tube Insertion: Palatine Aponeurosis Action: Raises the soft palate

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105
Q

Ligaments of TMJ

A
  1. Temporomandibular/TM/Lateral ligament: Articular tubercle to posterior condylar neck 2. Stylomandibular Ligament: Styloid process to angle of mandible (blends with medial pterygoid fascia) 3. Sphenomandibular Ligament: Spine of sphenoid to ligula and free margin fo mandibular foramen 4. Medial retrodiscal ligament/anterior malleolar ligament
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106
Q

Linea Alba

A

Line where teeth meet cheek

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107
Q

lingual n and IAN relationship

A

the lingual nerve is always medial and anterior to the IAN

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108
Q

Long Buccal Block

A

Given in the retromolar fossa area at the depth of the coronoid notch, but not usually required after high mandibular block

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109
Q

Lower Motor Neuron Injuries and Upper Motor Neuron injuries

A

-Upper Motor Neuron: CVA -Lower Motor Neuron: Bell’s Palsy, Severe laceration to the face, etc.

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110
Q

Mandibular Foramen

A

Inferior Alveolar Nerve, Artery, and Vein

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111
Q

Masseter action

A
  1. Elevates mandible 2. Deep head retracts/retrudes mandible 3. Superficial head protracts/protrudes mandible
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112
Q

Masseter innervation

A

Masseteric nerve of V3

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113
Q

Masseter insertion

A
  1. Lateral surface of Ramus (deep fibers more superior and superficial fibers more inferior) 2. Lateral surface of inferior portion of coronoid process
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114
Q

Masseter Origin

A

-Superficial head: Anterior 2/3 of zygomatic arch, zygomatic bone, and sometimes the zygomatic process of maxilla -Deep head: Posterior 1/3 of zygomatic arch, medial surface of zygomatic arch, and from fascia over temporalis

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115
Q

Mastoid Foramen

A

Mastoid Emissary Vein (from Occipital Veins of Posterior Auricular Vein to Sigmoid Sinuses)

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116
Q

Medial pterygoid action

A

Elevates mandible

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117
Q

Medial pterygoid innervation

A

Medial pterygoid nerve of V3

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118
Q

Medial pterygoid insertion

A

Inferior and posterior part of the medial surface of the ramus (triangle formed by mylohyoid groove and angle of mandible)

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119
Q

Medial pterygoid names

A
  1. Pterygoideus medialis 2. Internal Pterygoid (old name)
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120
Q

Middle Cranial Fossa

A
  1. Superior Orbital Fissure 2. Foramen Rotundum 3. Foramen Ovale 4. Foramen Spinosum 5. Hiatus of Facial Canal 6. Hiatus for Lesser Petrosal Nerve 7. Internal Opening of Carotid Canal 8. Foramen Vesalii 9. Optic Foramen
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121
Q

Most medically or dentally important branches of maxillary artery

A

Medically: Middle Meningeal Artery Dentally: Inferior Alveolar Artery

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122
Q

Motor Innervation of the Tongue

A

Hypoglossal Nerve innervates all muscles of the tongue except the Palatoglossal muscle, which is innervated by the Vagus Nerve

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123
Q

Mucosal folds to epiglottis

A
  1. 2 lateral glossoepiglottic folds 2. 1 median glossoepiglottic fold 3. Vallecula
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124
Q

Muscles innervated by the facial Nerve

A
  1. Muscles of Facial Expression 2. Posterior belly of Digastric 3. Stapedius 4. Stylohyoid
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125
Q

Muscles of the Soft Palate

A
  1. Palatoglossus 2. Palatopharyngeus 3. Musculus Uvulae 4. Levator Palatine 5. Tensor Veli Palatini
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126
Q

Muscles of the Tongue

A

Intrinsic Muscles 1. Longitudinal Layer 2. Transverse Layer 3. Vertical Layer Extrinsic Muscles 1. Palatoglossus 2. Styloglossus (styloid process to post-lat tongue) 3. Genioglossus (superior genial tubercle to bulk of tongue inferiorly and body of hyoid) 4. Hyoglossus (Greater horn of hyoid to post-lat tongue)

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127
Q

Musculus Uvulae

A

Origin: Palatine Aponeurosis Insertion: Uvula

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128
Q

N function test for Genioglossus

A

Ask pt to protrude tongue. Deficiency will be on the side that the tongue deviates to.

129
Q

Names for foreign material that embeds in the palatine tonsils?

A

Tonsilloliths/Tonsillar stones

130
Q

Nasopalatine Foramen injection

A

Use endo-ice and inject into side of incisive papilla

131
Q

Needle depth for PT technique

A

-Females: 15-18mm -Males: 18-22mm

132
Q

Optic Foramen

A
  1. CN 2: Optic Nerve 2. Ophthalmic Artery (w/Sympathetic Fibers of Internal Carotid Plexus)
133
Q

Origin of PSNS fibers to PP ganglion

A

Superior Salivatory nucleus (medulla)

134
Q

Origin of PSNS fibers to Submandibular ganglion

A

Superior Salivatory nucleus (medulla)

135
Q

Origin of the Superior labial frenum

A

Tectolabial Frenum, which extended from the incisive papilla to the labial tubercle

136
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Origin: Palatine aponeurosis Insertion: Posterior lateral tongue

137
Q

Palatopharyngeus

A

Origin: Palatine Aponeurosis Insertion: Posterior lateral pharynx

138
Q

Parasympathetic Ganglia

A
  1. Otic 2. Ciliary 3. Submandibular 4. Pterygopalatine
139
Q

Parietal Foramen

A

Parietal Emissary Vein (from Occipital Vein to Superior Sagittal Sinus)

140
Q

Parts of the Maxillary Artery and number of branches

A
  1. Mandibular (5 branches) 2. Pterygoid (5 branches) 3. Pterygopalatine (7 branches)
141
Q

Parts of the Oral Cavity

A
  1. Vestibule 2. Oral Cavity Proper
142
Q

Parts of the Tongue

A
  1. Body (Apex, Margin, Dorsum, and Inferior surface) 2. Root
143
Q

Path of PSNS fibers to PP ganglion

A

Nervus intermedius –> Genniculate ganglion –> Greater Petrosal Nerve –> Hiatus of Facial Canal –> Groove for GPN –> Internal opening of the carotid canal –> carotid canal –> Foramen lacerum –> pterygoid canal (becomes nerve of the pterygoid canal as SNS nerve Deep petrosal nerve joins) –> Pterygopalatine fossa –> PP ganglion

144
Q

Path of PSNS fibers to Submandibular Ganglion

A

Nervus intermedius –> Geniculate ganglion –> Facial canal –> chorda tympani given off –> tympanic cavity (btwn malleus and incus) –> petrotympanic fissure –> Infratemporal fossa –> joins lingual nerve –> Submandibular ganglion

145
Q

Path of the Greater palatine A

A

GP canal –> GP foramen –> hard palate (palatine groove) –> Incisive fossa –> Incisive foramen –> Incisive canal –> Anastamoses with Nasopalatine A

146
Q

Path of the Infraorbital artery

A

Inferior orbital fissure –> infraorbital groove –> infraorbital canal –> infraorbital foramen

147
Q

Path of the Lesser palatine Artery

A

LP canal –> LP foramen –> Soft palate

148
Q

Pathway of the Maxillary Nerve

A

Trigeminal Ganglion –> Dura in lateral wall of the Cavernous sinus –> Exits MCF via Foramen rotundum

149
Q

Pathway of the Ophthalmic Nerve

A

Trigeminal ganglion –> dura in the lateral wall of the Cavernous Sinus –> gives off 3 branches

150
Q

Pathway of the Zygomatic Nerve

A

Inferior Orbital fissure –> Orbit –> Zygomaticoorbital foramen –> splits into 2 branches

151
Q

Petrosquamous Fissure

A

Location only

152
Q

Petrotympanic Fissure

A
  1. Chorda Tympani 2. Anterior Tympanic Artery 3. Medial Retrodiscal Ligament/Anterior Malleolar Ligament
153
Q

Pharyngeal Canal

A
  1. Pharyngeal Artery and Vein 2. Pharyngeal Branch of Pterygopalatine Nerve
154
Q

Posterior Cranial Fossa

A
  1. Foramen Magnum 2. Jugular Foramen 3. Hypoglossal Canal 4. Condyloid Canal 5. Internal Auditory Meatus 6. Mastoid Foramen
155
Q

Posterior Ethmoidal Canal

A

Posterior Ethmoidal Nerve, Artery, and Vein

156
Q

Posterior Superior Alveolar Foramen

A

Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve, Artery, and Vein

157
Q

Problems of Mandibular Blocks and Accessory Innervation (Potential Sources)

A
  1. Long Buccal Nerve through retromolar fossa foramen to mandibular molars 2. Auriculotemporal N through Mandibular notch foramen to mandibular molars 3. Posterior dental branches from IAN through mandibular notch foramen to mandibular molars 4. Mylohyoid Nerve through mylohyoid groove foramen to mandiblar molars; through genial tubercle foramen to anterior teeth 5. Lingual nerve through any lingual foramen to any tooth
158
Q

Protrusion/protraction of mandible

A
  1. Inferior head of lateral pterygoid 2. Masseter 3. Temporalis
159
Q

Pterygopalatine Canal

A
  1. Descending Palatine Artery and Vein 2. Greater and Lesser Palatine Nerves
160
Q

Pterygopalatine/Pterygomaxillary Fissure

A
  1. Maxillary Artery 2. Pterygoid Plexus to Maxillary Vein
161
Q

Pterygotuberosity angle

A

Space between the PM raphe and the Maxillary tuberosity (highest point at which you can access the PM space)

162
Q

Retraction/Retrusion of mandible

A
  1. Posterior fibers of Temporalis 2. Deep head of Masseter
163
Q

Roof of Nasopharynx

A

Superior posterior curvature where pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) are located

164
Q

Root of the Nose

A

Where the nose connects to the rest of the skull (nasal bones to frontal bone)

165
Q

Root of tongue

A

part of tongue not covered by mucosa and where all structures come in and out of the tongue

166
Q

Rule for unusuccessful blocks

A

You are probably too medial and too low, go more lateral and higher

167
Q

Rule of the Anterior division of V3 and exceptions

A

-Mainly a motor division with 1 tiny exception and 1 large exception -Tiny exception: Masseteric N supplies sensation to TMJ -Large Exception: Long Buccal N is purely sensory

168
Q

Sensory Innervation of the Tongue (General sensation and taste)

A

Anterior 2/3 -Gen. Sensation: Lingual N -Taste: Chorda Tympani (exception: Circumvallate papilla are innervated by Glossopharyngeal) Posterior 1/3 -Gen. Sensation: Glossopharyngeal -Taste: Glossopharyngeal Epiglottis -Gen. Sensation: Vagus N -Taste: Vagus N

169
Q

Sinus Lift

A

Procedure to raise the maxillary sinus by lifting the mucoperiosteal lining and adding boen underneath

170
Q

Squamotympanic Fissure

A

Location only

171
Q

Steps to perform low mandibular block

A
  1. put thumb in coronoid notch 2. bisect thumb 3. find midpoint on bisection line between PM raphe and coronoid notch 4. Barrel of synringe on contralateral mandibular premolars 5. advance needle 6. Aspirate 7. Inject
172
Q

Structures passing deep to the posterior/free border of the mylohyoid (superior to inferior)

A
  1. Lingual N 2. Submandibular duct or deep process 3. Hypoglossal N
173
Q

Stylomastoid Foramen

A

CN 7: Facial Nerve

174
Q

Submandibular Gland (CN, Nucleus, Pregang fibers, Post gang fibers, structures innervated)

A

-CN: Facial N -Nucleus: Superior Salivatory nucleus -Pregang fibers: Chorda tympani, Lingual N -Postgang fibers: Lingual N -Structures innervated: submandibular gland, sublingual gland, misc lingual glands on anterior 2/3 of tongue

175
Q

Superficial Lymph Nodes

A
  1. Submental lymph nodes 2. Submandibular lymph nodes 3. Anterior Auricular/Superficial Parotid/Preauricular Lymph nodes 4. Retroauricular/Postauricular/Mastoid Lymph nodes 5. Occipital/Nuchal lymph nodes 6. Superfical Cervical lymph nodes
176
Q

Superior Alveolar plexus

A

intermingling of MSAs, PSAs, and ASAs within the alveolar process

177
Q

Superior and Inferior Deep Cervical Lymph nodes

A

Superior Deep Cervical 1. Jugulodigastric/Tonsillar Lymph nodes Inferior Deep Cervical 1. Juguloomohyoid Lymph nodes 2. Supraclavicular/Sentinel/Signal lymph nodes of Troissier or Virschow

178
Q

Superior Orbital Fissure

A
  1. CN 3: Oculomotor Nerve 2. CN 4: Trochlear Nerve 3. V1: Ophthalmic Nerve 4. CN 6: Abducens Nerve 5. Nasociliary Nerve 6. Lacrimal Nerve 7. Meningeal Branch of Lacrimal Artery 8. Branch of Middle Meningeal Artery to Orbit 9. Sympathetic Fibers
179
Q

Supraorbital Foramen

A

Supraorbital Nerve, Artery, and Vein

180
Q

Surfaces of sublingual gland and related structures

A
  1. Superior: mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth (sublingual fold) 2. Inferior: mylohyoid 3. Anterior: mandible 4. Lateral: Sublingual fossa 5. Medial: Genioglossus (w/lingual N, submandibular duct, Lingual A & its 2 branches, and hypoglossal N) 6. Posterior: Deep process of the submandibular gland
181
Q

Surfaces of submandibular gland and related structures

A
  1. Inferior: Skin, platysma, deep fascia, Facial Vein, Submandibular lymph nodes 2. Lateral: submandibular fossa and facial artery 3. Medial: mylohyoid, hyoglossus, Digastric muscles (both bellies), facial artery
182
Q

Surfaces of the Maxillary Sinus and associated structures

A
  1. Facial (anterolateral) 2. Posterior (faces IT fossa laterally and PP fossa medially) 3. Medial (nasal cavity) 4. Roof (floor of orbit, mostly maxilla) 5. Floor (Maxillary molars, premolars, and canines)
183
Q

Temporalis Action

A
  1. Elevates mandible 2. Posterior fibers pull the condyle backwards from the articular eminence to the glenoid fossa during mouth closure
184
Q

Temporalis Innervation

A

Anterior and Posterior Deep Temporal Nerves of V3

185
Q

Temporalis insertion

A

-Superficial tendon: superior 1/2 of coronoid notch and possibly to anterior 1/2 of mandibular notch -Deep tendon: Temporal crest (all the way down to the lingual of the 3rd molar) and Buccinator

186
Q

Temporalis Origin

A
  1. Deep surface of temporalis fascia 2. Floor of temporal fossa 3. Inferior temporal line 4. Pterygopalatine Fossa (to the depth of the foramen rotundum)
187
Q

Tensor Veli Palatini

A

Origin: Base of medial pterygoid plate and spine of sphenoid Insertion: Palatine Aponeurosis (forms it after it goes around pterygoid hamulus) Action: Tenses the soft palate

188
Q

Tonsillar Crypts

A

Blind-ended mucosal tubules

189
Q

Tympanic Canaliculus

A

Tympanic Branch of CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve

190
Q

Types of Lingual Papilla

A
  1. Filiform papilla 2. Fungiform papilla 3. Circumvallate papilla 4. Foliate papilla
191
Q

Unique features of the TMJ

A
  1. Only joint that can be dislocated without extrinsic forces 2. Only joint system with rigid point of closure (ie teeth) 3. Both joints must move at the same time
192
Q

V2 extraoral division block

A

through masseter and post 1/2 of mandibular notch –> turn needle anteriorly –> dead-end at lateral pterygoid plate –> reposition –> PP fissure –> PP fossa –> V2 in Foramen rotundum

193
Q

V2 intraoral division block

A

Bend needle and insert into greater palatine foramen –> GP canal –> Pterygopalatine canal –> PP fossa –> V2 in Foramen rotundum

194
Q

V3 extraoral division block

A

Through masseter and post 1/2 of mandibular notch –> continue to V3 in foramen ovale

195
Q

V3 intraoral division block

A

“accentuated PSA block” where you continue going past PSA foramen to V3 at foramen ovale

196
Q

Variations and relative occurrence of the external branch of the PSA A

A
  1. Very small or Missing (33%) 2. Moderate size and supplies the buccal gingiva over the molars (external source) (33%) 3. Very large and supplies the buccal gingiva over all of the maxillary teeth (external source) (33%); may go all the way to infraorbital foramen and anastamose with infraorbital artery
197
Q

Waldeyer’s Ring

A

4 pairs of tonsils (lingual, palatine, tubal, and pharyngeal)

198
Q

What are the spaces on either side of the PM space?

A
  1. Buccal space (lateral) 2. Lateral pharyngeal space (medial)
199
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments of the TMJ?

A
  1. Stylomandibular ligament 2. Sphenomandibular ligament
200
Q

What are the two possible sources to the gingiva and which one is the most important?

A
  1. Primary source: from outside bone (most important) 2. Secondary source: from within bone
201
Q

What arteries are involved in anterior epistaxis and what are their parents?

A
  1. Nasopalatine A (Sphenopalatine A) 2. Septal branch of the superior labial A (Sup. Labial A) 3. Anterior Ethmoid A (Ophthalmic A)
202
Q

What arteries are involved in posterior epistaxis?

A

Sphenopalatine A or its 3 branches posteriorly (Post sup nasal A, post inf nasal A, and Nasopalatine A)

203
Q

What branch may come off of the PSA A?

A

External branch of the PSA A

204
Q

What branches of the pterygopalatine part may form a common trunk?

A

the PSA A and the infraorbital artery

205
Q

What can appear in older TMJs?

A

Fibrocartilage

206
Q

What determines deep vs. superficial route and relative occurrence?

A

whether the pterygoid part passes superficial (60%) or deep (40%) to the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid

207
Q

What determines whether a deep cervical lymph node is superior or inferior?

A

Where the omohyoid crosses the carotid sheath

208
Q

What do the branches of the pterygoid part supply?

A

The four muscles of mastication or the four muscles of mastication and the Buccinator

209
Q

What do the dental and gingival branches of the IAA supply?

A

-Dental branches: molars and 2nd premolar -Gingival branches: buccal and lingual gingiva of molars and 2nd premolar (internal source)

210
Q

What do the dental and gingival branches of the incisive artery supply?

A

-Dental branches: 1st premolar and anterior teeth -Gingival branches: buccal and lingual gingiva over 1st premolar and anterior teeth (internal source)

211
Q

What do the Submental lymph nodes drain?

A
  1. Tip of tongue 2. Central area of inferior surface of tongue 3. Central floor of mouth 4. Incisors 5. Central lower lip 6. Midline structures of lower face (lower eyelids and below)
212
Q

What does a PSA infiltration block?

A
  1. Buccal and lingual gingiva (secondary source) 2. Buccal gingiva (primary source)
213
Q

What does the Anterior Auricular/Superficial parotid/Preauricular lymph node drain?

A
  1. Parotid gland 2. skin over parotid gland 3. Lateral side of head (most forehead, upper eyelid, part of external ear)
214
Q

What does the ASA A supply?

A
  1. Anterior teeth 2. buccal and lingual gingiva over the anterior teeth (internal source) 3. Maxillary sinus
215
Q

What does the ASA N supply?

A
  1. Anterior teeth 2. Buccal and lingual gingiva over the anterior teeth (secondary source) 3. Maxillary sinus
216
Q

What does the external branch of the PSA N supply?

A

Buccal gingiva over the molars (primary source)

217
Q

What does the greater palatine artery supply?

A
  1. Hard palate 2. all lingual gingiva (external source)
218
Q

What does the Greater palatine N supply?

A
  1. Posterior 2/3 of hard palate 2. Lingual gingiva of molars and premolars (primary source)
219
Q

What does the IAA pass between before going into the mandibular foramen?

A

passes between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament

220
Q

what does the incisive nerve supply?

A
  1. 1st premolar and anterior teeth 2. buccal and lingual gingiva over anterior teeth and first premolar (secondary source)
221
Q

What does the Inferior Alveolar Nerve supply?

A
  1. Molars and 2nd premolar 2. buccal and lingual gingiva over molars and premolars (secondary source)
222
Q

What does the Infratrochlear N supply?

A
  1. Eyelids 2. skin of nose 3. Lacrimal sac
223
Q

What does the lacrimal gland supply?

A
  1. Lacrimal gland 2. conjunctiva 3. skin to upper eyelid
224
Q

What does the Lesser Palatine A supply?

A

Soft Palate

225
Q

What does the Lesser palatine N supply?

A

the Soft Palate

226
Q

what does the lingual nerve run between after it loops around the submandibular duct?

A

the hyoglossus and genioglossus medially and the sublingual gland laterally

227
Q

What does the Long buccal N supply?

A
  1. Full thickness of cheek (Buccinator, skin, and mucous membranes) 2. Buccal gingiva over mandibular molars (primary source)
228
Q

What does the mental artery supply?

A

the chin area

229
Q

What does the Mental nerve supply?

A
  1. Lower lip and chin 2. Buccal gingiva over anterior teeth and premolars (primary source)
230
Q

What does the MSA A supply?

A
  1. Premolars 2. buccal and lingual gingiva over the premolars (internal source) 3. Maxillary sinus
231
Q

What does the MSA N supply?

A
  1. Premolars 2. Buccal and lingual gingiva over the premolars (secondary source) 3. Maxillary sinus
232
Q

What does the Mylohyoid A supply?

A

Area around the mylohyoid and sometimes the retromolar area

233
Q

What does the mylohyoid N supply?

A
  1. Anterior belly of Digastric 2. Mylohyoid
234
Q

What does the Nasopalatine artery anastamose with?

A
  1. Greater palatine artery in the incisive canal 2. Septal branch of the superior labial artery (from Facial A)
235
Q

What does the Nasopalatine Artery supply?

A
  1. Anterior 1/3 of hard palate 2. Lingual gingiva of anterior teeth (primary source)
236
Q

What does the Occipital/Nuchal Lymph node drain?

A

Scalp of the occipital region

237
Q

What does the Ophthalmic Nerve supply?

A
  1. Eyeball and Conjunctiva 2. Lacrimal Gland and Sac 3. Nasal mucosa 4. Ethmoid, frontal, and part of sphenoid sinuses 5. Bridge of external nose, upper eyelid, scalp, and forehead
238
Q

What does the orbital N supply?

A

Sphenoid and Ethmoid Sinuses

239
Q

What does the pharyngeal artery supply?

A

The nasopharynx (via the pharyngeal canal)

240
Q

What does the pharyngeal N supply?

A
  1. Superior part of nasopharynx 2. Sphenoid sinus
241
Q

What does the Posterior Ethmoidal N supply?

A
  1. Ethmoid Sinus 2. Part of Sphenoid Sinus
242
Q

What does the posterior inferior nasal A supply?

A

the inferior nasal concha

243
Q

What does the posterior inferior nasal N supply?

A

The inferior nasal concha

244
Q

What does the posterior superior nasal A supply?

A

the superior and middle nasal concha

245
Q

What does the Posterior superior Nasal N supply?

A
  1. Superior nasal concha 2. Inferior nasal concha
246
Q

What does the PSA A supply?

A
  1. Maxillary Sinus 2. Maxillary molars 3. buccal and lingual gingiva over molars (internal source)
247
Q

What does the PSA N supply?

A
  1. Molars 2. buccal and lingual gingiva over molars (secondary source) 3. Maxillary sinus
248
Q

What does the Pterygoid Plexus drain?

A

The deep face

249
Q

What does the Retroauricular/Posterior Auricular/Mastoid lymph node drain?

A
  1. Part of external ear 2. Scalp above and behind ear
250
Q

What does the submandibular lymph node drain?

A
  1. drainage from submental lymph nodes 2. Anterior face 3. All teeth and gingiva (directly or indirectly) 4. Lips, cheeks, and lower nose 5. Oral Cavity 6. Anterior nasal cavity 7. most of hard palate 8. Lateral aspect of anterior 2/3 of tongue
251
Q

What does the superior labial N supply?

A
  1. Full thickness of upper lip 2. Buccal gingiva over anterior and middle teeth (primary source)
252
Q

What does the supraorbital N supply?

A
  1. Forehead 2. Scalp 3. Upper eyelid 4. Frontal sinus
253
Q

What does the Tentorial branch of the Ophthalmic N supply?

A

Meninges (may be involved in headaches)

254
Q

What fascia is the medial pterygoid fascia?

A

Thickened investing fascia

255
Q

what functions does the chorda tympani have?

A
  1. taste on the anterior 2/3 of tongue (except circumvallate papilla, which are innervates by the glossopharyngeal for taste) 2. parasympathetics (secretomotor) to submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and miscellaneous glands on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
256
Q

what functions does the lingual n have? (prior to chorda tympani joining)

A
  1. supplies lingual gingiva of all mandibular teeth (primary source) 2. supplies floor of the mouth (sublingual sulcus) 3. supplies anterior 2/3 of the tongue
257
Q

What happens with loss of PSNS to Lacrimal gland

A

Corneal dryness and eventual blindness

258
Q

What hole does the descending palatine A go through?

A

Pterygopalatine canal

259
Q

What is contained in the tonsillar fossa?

A

Palatine/Faucial tonsils

260
Q

What is immediately lateral to the palatine tonsils and what is lateral to that?

A
  1. Superior pharyngela constrictor 2. Medial Pterygoid
261
Q

What is important about the Supraclavicular and Transverse Cervical Lymph nodes?

A

They are used as evidence of visceral malignancy

262
Q

What is one exception to the rule that PSA supplies the maxillary molars and why is it important?

A

-The MB cusp of the maxillary 1st molar may be supplied by an MSA (5-65% of the time) -When working on a 1st molar, do a PSA and an MSA block

263
Q

What is the Articular cartilage made of?

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue

264
Q

what is the lingual n between as it enters the floor of the mouth?

A

the mylohyoid laterally and the hyoglossus medially

265
Q

What is the name for a communication between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity?

A

Oroantral fistula

266
Q

What is the only hole in the PP fossa not used by V2?

A

The pterygoid canal

267
Q

What is the PSA canal?

A

a 3-sided bony canal with a mucoperiosteal lining

268
Q

What kind of fascia is temporal fascia?

A

Investing fascia

269
Q

What layers must a needle pass through to enter the PM space?

A
  1. Oral mucosa 2. Buccinator 3. Buccopharyngeal fascia
270
Q

What marks the anterior boundary of the oropharynx?

A

The palatoglossal arch/anterior pillar

271
Q

What muscles actively open the auditory tube?

A
  1. Salpingopharyngeus 2. Tensor Veli Palatini 3. Levator Veli Palatini
272
Q

What muscles are innervated by V3?

A
  1. Masseter 2. Temporalis 3. Medial Pterygoid 4. Lateral Pterygoid 5. Tensor Veli Palatini 6. Tensor Tympani 7. Anterior belly of digastric 8. Mylohyoid
273
Q

What Nerve does the posterior inferior nasal N come off of?

A

The Greater Palatine N

274
Q

What Nerve may be damaged in a palatine tonsillectomy?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

275
Q

What nerves does a Mandibular block anesthetize?

A
  1. Inferior Alveolar Nerve 2. Lingual N
276
Q

What nerves leave the Facial nerve in the facial canal?

A
  1. Greater Petrosal Nerve 2. Nerve to Stapedius 3. Chorda Tympani
277
Q

What other name for the TMJ emphasizes its bilateralness?

A

Craniomandibular joint

278
Q

What parts of the body have vestibules?

A
  1. mouth 2. Nose 3. pharynx
279
Q

What separates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?

A

The foramen cecum and the sulcus terminalis

280
Q

What separates the dorsum of the tongue into longitudinal halves?

A

The (median) lingual sulcus

281
Q

What separates the tongue into halves longitudinally on the ventral side?

A

Lingual frenum/frenulum

282
Q

What type of Joint is the TMJ?

A

Ginglymoarthroidal Joint

283
Q

What type of nerve is the maxillary nerve?

A

Pure sensory

284
Q

What type of nerve is the Ophthalmic Nerve?

A

Pure sensory

285
Q

What type of nerve is V3?

A

A mixed nerve

286
Q

What vessel is usually involved in hemorrhage from a palatine tonsillectomy?

A

Palatine Vein/Paratonsillar vein

287
Q

when would the lingual n be hit?

A
  1. 3rd molar extraction 2. during mandibular block (very painful)
288
Q

Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?

A

Vertically along internal jugular vein (most under SCM)

289
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

On the posterior surface of the tongue

290
Q

Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes located?

A

Along external jugular vein and along anterior jugular vein (anterior cervical lymph nodes)

291
Q

Where do the sympathetic fibers to the head and neck come from?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

292
Q

Where do you insert the needle in the pterygotuberosity technique?

A

4mm inferior to the maxilary tuberosity or at height of parotid papilla in edentulous patients

293
Q

Where does the barrel of the syringe go in the PT technique?

A

On the contralateral maxillary canine to the first premolar

294
Q

where does the chorda tympani join the lingual n?

A

deep to the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid

295
Q

Where does the mandibular part run?

A

anteriorly and horizontally between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the condyle

296
Q

Where does the Posterior inferior nasal N come off the Greater palatine N?

A

In the greater palatine canal

297
Q

Where does the PSA N come off?

A

In the pterygopalatine fossa

298
Q

Where does the pterygopalatine part start?

A

In or just before the pterygopalatine fossa

299
Q

Where does the sublingual gland empty?

A

10-30 orifices along the sublingul fold and the anterior 1-3 orifices empty via the sublingual papilla/caruncle

300
Q

Where is the facial motor nucleus located

301
Q

Where is the Jugulodigastric/Tonsillar lymph node located and what does it drain?

A

Location: Inferior to posterior belly of digastric, just posterior to greater horn of hyoid Drains oropharyngeal area (post 1/3 of tongue and palatine tonsils)

302
Q

Where is the Juguloomohyoid lymph node located and what does it drain?

A

Location: Just superior to intermediate tendon of omohyoid Drains central area of ant 2/3 of tongue

303
Q

Where is the PSA canal located?

A

the posterior lateral wall of the maxillary sinus

304
Q

Where is the uvula located?

A

The oropharynx

305
Q

Where would one give a greater palatine block?

A

As the greater palatine N travels through the greater palatine canal

306
Q

Which arch are muscles of mastication derived from?

A

First branchial arch

307
Q

Which branches of the mandibular part may form a common trunk?

A

Middle Meningeal artery and Accessory meningeal Artery

308
Q

Which branches of the maxillary artery drain to the pterygoid plexus?

A

All 17 branches drain directly to pterygoid plexus, but the inferior alveolar V may bypass the pterygoid plexus and drain to the maxillary vein proper

309
Q

Which branches of the pterygopalatine part may come off prior to entering the pterygopalatine fossa?

A
  1. PSA A 2. Infraorbital A
310
Q

Which nerves are commonly hit in a low mandibular block?

A
  1. Lingual N (55% of the time) 2. IAN (45% of the time)
311
Q

Which opening of the pterygopalatine fossa is not used by a branch of V3?

A

The pterygoid canal

312
Q

Who developed the conventional approach/low mand block?

A

William Halsted in 1885

313
Q

Why are External branch of PSA A variations improtant with regard to injections?

A

A large external branch of the PSA A may be hit during a PSA block and cause massive hemorrhage of the cheek

314
Q

Why does a maxillary sinus infection cause molar pain?

A

Because the PSA N becomes impinged as it travels with the PSA A in the PSA canal

315
Q

Why does the IAA supply the 2nd premolar and the Incisive artery supply the 1st premolar?

A

Because the mental foramen is located directly inferior or slightly inferior and anterior to the 2nd premolar

316
Q

Why is the Long Buccal nerve not considered to be in the pterygomandibular space?

A

Because it emerges between the heads of the lateral pterygoid and then goes into the deep tendon of the temporalis

317
Q

Why might 2 injections be required in the PM space?

A

a thick Sphenomandibular ligament

318
Q

Zygomaticofacial Foramen

A

Zygomaticofacial Nerve

319
Q

Zygomaticotemporal Foramen

A

Zygomaticotemporal Nerve

Head and Neck Anatomy (10 decks)

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