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Head and Neck Anatomy > Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

What runs through the optic nerve?

A
  1. Central Artery of Retina 2. Central Vein of Retina
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2
Q

Fibers of oculomotor nerve

A
  1. motor 2. proprioceptive 3. PSNS (pregang to ciliary ganglion)
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3
Q

Sxs of oculomotor paralysis

A
  1. Ptosis of upper eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris) 2. Abduction of eye (unopposed LR and SO) 3. Dilation of Pupil (Sphincter pupillae muscle lost)
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4
Q

What is unique about the trochlear nerve?

A

It is the only cranial or spinal motor nerve arising from the dorsal aspect of the CNS

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5
Q

“Weakling of the Cranial Contents”

A

Abducens -Susceptible to injury because stretched across the petrous part of the temporal bone

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6
Q

Parent of the ophthalmic artery

A

Cerebral part of the internal carotid artery

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7
Q

Branches of ophthalmic artery

A
  1. Central artery of retina 2. Several arteries to the eye 3. Lacrimal artery 4. Conjunctival Arteries 5. Ethmoidal Arteries (anterior and posterior) 6. Branch that anastomoses with angular branch of facial artery
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8
Q

Ophthalmic veins

A
  1. Superior ophthalmic vein 2. Inferior ophthalmic vein
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9
Q

What forms the superior ophthalmic vein?

A
  1. Supraorbital Vein 2. Angular Vein
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10
Q

Where do the opthalmic veins end?

A

the cavernous sinus

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11
Q

Where does the inferior ophthalmic vein begin?

A

Plexus on floor of orbit

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12
Q

Where does the central vein of the retina run?

A

To the cavernous sinus directly

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13
Q

What forms the straight sinus?

A
  1. Inferior sagittal sinus 2. Great cerebral vein (of Galen)
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14
Q

Where are GSEs and GSAs found?

A

The entire body

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15
Q

What do GVEs and GVAs innervate?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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16
Q

SVE

A

Innervates all pharyngeal-derived muscles

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17
Q

SVA

A

Special sense of taste and smell

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18
Q

SSA

A

Special sense of hearing and sight

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19
Q

CNs with PSNS fibers

A
  1. # 3 Oculomotor 2. #7 Facial 3. #9 Glossopharyngeal 4. #10 Vagus (V3 also has PSNS fibers but they do not come from the brain)
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20
Q

Inferior Alveolar Nerve Fiber Types (before and after giving off mylohyoid nerve)

A

Before: GSA, SVE -After: GSA (Mylohyoid takes SVE)

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21
Q

Lingual Nerve fiber types (before and after receiving chorda tympani)

A

Before: GSA -After: GVE, GSA, SVA

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22
Q

Pain pathway for spinal nerves

A

Dorsal root ganglion –> Chief nucleus of dorsal horn –> crossover –> ascend in Lateral spinothalamic tract –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> somesthetic area/post-central gyrus

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23
Q

Cell body locations (spinal nerve pain)

A
  1. Dorsal root ganglion 2. Chief nucleus of dorsal horn 3. ventral posterior thalamic nucleus
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24
Q

Pain pathway for trigeminal nerve

A

Trigeminal ganglion –> pons –> descends in spinal tract of trigeminal nerve –> nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve in medulla –> crossover –> ascends in trigeminothalamic tract –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> Somasthetic area/post-central gyrus

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25
Q

Cell body locations (trigeminal nerve pain)

A
  1. Trigeminal ganglion 2. Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 3. Ventral posterior thalamic nucleus
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26
Q

Parts of Nucleus of Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve and respective functions

A
  1. Nucleus rostralis (simple touch and pressure) 2. Nucleus interpolaris (simple touch and pressure) 3. Nucleus caudalis (pain)
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27
Q

Where does the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve extend?

A

from the medulla to the upper cervical spinal cord

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28
Q

What carries all the pain fibers from all the spinal nerves?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

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29
Q

Simple touch and pressure pathway for spinal nerve

A

Dorsal root ganglion –> ascends 4-5 levels –> cheif nucleus of dorsal horn –> crossover –> ascends in ventral spinothalamic tract –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> somesthetic area/post-central gyrus

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30
Q

Cell body locations (spinal nerve simple touch and pressure)

A
  1. Dorsal root ganglion 2. chief nucleus of dorsal horn (4-5 levels higher than entry level) 3. ventral posterior thalamic nucleus
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31
Q

Simple touch and pressure pathway for trigeminal nerve (2 options)

A

From Trigeminal Ganglion: 1. descend to medulla in spinal tract of trigeminal nerve –> nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve –> crossover –> ascend in trigeminothalamic tract –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> post-central gyrus 2. chief sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve in pons –> crossover –> ascend in tigeminothalmic tract –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> post-central gyrus

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32
Q

Location of cell bodies (simple touch and pressure trigeminal nerve)

A
  1. Trigeminal ganglion 2. Chief sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve or nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 3. ventral posterior thalamic nucleus
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33
Q

Divisions of spinal nerves in proproception pathway

A
  1. C1-T7or8 2. T8-CX1
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34
Q

Proprioceptive pathway for upper division of spinal nerves

A

Dorsal root ganglion –> Fasciculus cuneatus –> Nucleus cuneatus in medulla –> crossover –> Medial lemniscus –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> post-central gyrus

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35
Q

Proprioceptive pathway for lower division of spinal nerves

A

Dorsal root ganglion –> Fasciculus gracilis –> nucleus gracilis in medulla –> cross over –> Medial lemniscus –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> post-central gyrus

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36
Q

Location of Cell bodies (proprioceptive of spinal nerves)

A
  1. Dorsal root ganglion 2. Nucleus cuneatus (upper) or Nucleus gracilis (lower) 3. Ventral posterior thalamic nucleus
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37
Q

Proprioceptive pathway for trigeminal nerve (normal pathway)

A

Trigeminal ganglion –> Chief sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve in pons –> cross over –> trigeminothalamic tract –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> post-central gyrus

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38
Q

Proprioceptive pathway for trigeminal nerve (TMJ)

A

Goes through trigeminal ganglion without synapsing –> Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve in midbrain –> crosses over –> trigeminothalamic tract –> ventral posterior thalamic nucleus –> post-central gyrus

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39
Q

Location of cell bodies (proprioceptive for Trigeminal nerve)

A
  1. Trigeminal nerve or mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve 2. Chief sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve or mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve 3. Ventral posterior thalamic nucleus
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40
Q

Locations of main nuclei of trigeminal nerve pathways (superior to inferior)

A
  1. Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve (midbrain) 2. Chief sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve (pons) 3. Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (medulla)
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41
Q

Divisions of the Pyramidal system

A
  1. Corticospinal (all spinal nerves) 2. Corticobulbar (all cranial nerves)
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42
Q

Corticobulbar pathway

A

Pre-central gyrus –> internal capsule –> crossover –> synapse with respective nuclei –> send off lower motor neuron

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43
Q

Corticospinal pathway

A

Pre-central gyrus –> internal capsule –> Pyramid of medulla –> Fibers to ventral (15%) corticospinal tract then crossover at respective level or crossover and then to lateral spinothalamic tract (85%)

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44
Q

Nuclei for corticobulbar fibers (location and nerves)

A
  1. Facial motor nucleus (pons): Facial Nerve 2. motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve (pons): Trigeminal nerve 3. Hypoglossal nucleus (medulla): Hypoglossal nerve 4. Nucleus ambiguus (medulla): CNs 9, 10, and 11
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45
Q

Cell body locations (corticobulbar)

A
  1. Pre-central gyrus 2. Respective motor nuclei
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46
Q

Cell body locations (corticospinal)

A
  1. Pre-central gyrus 2. respective ventral horns
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47
Q

Olfactory Nerve CNFT

A

Sense of smell

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48
Q

Optic nerve CNFT

A

sense of sight

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49
Q

Oculomotor CNFT

A
  1. motor innervation to SR, IR, MR, IO and levator palpebrae superioris 2. PSNS to ciliary muscles (pregang. to ciliary ganglion)
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50
Q

Trochlear CNFT

A

innervates Superior oblique

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51
Q

Ophthalmic CNFT

A
  1. Corneal reflex (afferent: nasociliary; efferent: facial) 2. Sensation in forehead, upper eyelid, superior part of external nose, and tip of nose (frontal and nasociliary nerves)
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52
Q

Maxillary Nerve CNFT

A
  1. Cutaneous distribution (upper lip, lateral nose, lower eyelid, zygoma) 2. Teeth and gingiva (sup. alveolar, nasopalatine, and greater palatine nerves) 3. Some nasal cavity
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53
Q

Mandibular nerve CNFT

A
  1. Cutaneous distribution over body of mandible and ramus (lower lip, cheek, area over parotid, lateral aspect of scalp) 2. Oral cavity: general sensation to teeth, gums, floor of mouth, ant. 2/3 tongue, and cheek 3. Motor root
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54
Q

Motor root tests for Mandibular nerve

A
  1. Clench jaw (masseter and temporalis tone) 2. Open mouth (inferior head of lateral pterygoid paralysis moves to affected side) 3. Lateral excursion against resistance (inferior head of lateral pterygoid) 4. Protract and retract mandible 5. Bite tongue depressor and compare strength 6. Sensitivity to loud noises (tensor tympani) 7. Soft palate dysfunction (tensor veli palatini) 8. Flaccid floor of mouth (ant. belly digastric and mylohyoid)
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55
Q

Abducens CNFT

A

Motor innervation to LR

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56
Q

Vestibulocochlear CNFT

A

Equilibrium and and hearing

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57
Q

Glossopharyngeal CNFT

A
  1. Gag reflex by touching anterior pillars or base of tongue 2. Parotid gland secretion with Vit. C/Spicy food
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58
Q

Vagus CNFT

A
  1. Say “ah,” uvula should rise, otherwise deviation towards opposite side of dysfunction 2. Swallowing and no hoarseness
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59
Q

Spinal Accessory CNFT

A

Traps and SCM

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60
Q

Hypoglossal CNFT

A
  1. Lateral deviation to nonfunctional side during protrusion of tongue (genioglossus) 2. Lateral movements of tongue (move tongue depressor or cheek) 3. Paralysis leads to wrinkling and atrophy of tongue on affected side
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61
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A
  1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Part of temporal lobe (anterior and superior part of cerebrum)
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62
Q

Parts of Internal carotid artery

A
  1. Cervical: in neck 2. Petrous: through carotid canal 3. Cavernous: enters cavernous sinus along carotid sulcus 4. Cerebral: gives off middle and anterior cerebral arteries
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63
Q

Branches of Internal Carotid artery

A
  1. branches to trigeminal ganglion, dura, and hypophysis 2. Ophthalmic artery 3. Posterior communicating artery (to posterior cerebral artery) 4. Anterior cerebral artery 5. Middle cerebral artery
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64
Q

Branch of anterior cerebral artery

A

Anterior communicating artery

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65
Q

Where does the anterior cerebral artery travel?

A

In the longitudinal fissure

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66
Q

Where does the middle cerebral artery travel?

A

in the lateral fissure

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67
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

A lot of the brain including the motor and sensory cortices

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68
Q

Deficits from occlusion of Anterior cerebral artery

A

Area of knee and below

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69
Q

Deficits from occlusion of middle cerebral artery

A

Contralateral paralysis (hemiplagia) excpet for knee and below

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70
Q

Branches of vertebral arteries

A
  1. Spinal cord branches 2. Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries 3. Forms basilar artery
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71
Q

Branches of basilar artery

A
  1. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery 2. Superior cerebellar arteries 3. splits into posterior cerebral arteries
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72
Q

What do the vertebral and basilar arteries supply?

A
  1. Upper spinal cord 2. Brainstem 3. Cerebellum 4. Part of temporal lobe 5. Occipital lobe (Posterior and inferior part of cerebrum)
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73
Q

What vessels form the circle of Willis?

A
  1. Posterior cerebral arteries 2. Posterior communicating artery 3. Internal carotid artery 4. Anterior cerebral artery 5. Anterior communicating artery
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74
Q

Layers of the Dura Mater

A
  1. Endosteal layer: on insde of cranial bones 2. Meningeal Layer
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75
Q

Another name for meningeal layer of dura

A

Projecting layer of dura

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76
Q

Processes of Meningeal layer of dura

A
  1. Falx Cerebri 2. Tentorium Cerebelli 3. Falx cerebelli 4. Diaphragma Sellae
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77
Q

Where is the endosteal layer of dura continuous with pericranium (external periosteum)?

A

Sutures and foramina

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78
Q

Where is the falx cerebri located?

A

in the longitudinal fissure

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79
Q

What is the anterior and posterior attachment point for the falx cerebri?

A

Anterior: Crista galli -Posterior: Fuses with tentorium cerebelli

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80
Q

What encloses the superior sagittal sinus

A

Falx Cerebri

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81
Q

What is contained in the inferior border of the flax cerebri

A

inferior sagittal sinus

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82
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli located?

A

between the occipital lobe and cerebellum

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83
Q

Interior border of tentorium cerebelli

A

Tentorial notch, which allows communicating between brain and spinal cord

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84
Q

External border of tentorium cerebelli

A

encloses transverse sinuses, superior petrosal sinus, and cavernous sinus

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85
Q

What forms the Cavum Trigeminali?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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86
Q

Contents of Cavum trigeminali

A

Trigeminal ganglion and nerve

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87
Q

Buccal space

A

Space between masseter and buccinator

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88
Q

What encloses the straight sinus?

A
  1. Tentorium cerebelli 2. Falx cerebri
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89
Q

Pterygopalatine space (main N, main A)

A

Main N: Maxillary Nerve S2 -Main A: Maxillay Artery

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90
Q

What encloses the occipital sinus?

A

Falx cerebelli

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91
Q

Retromandibular space (aka)

A

Parotid space -investing fascia around Parotid gland and contents (parotideomasseteric fascia)

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92
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli located?

A

between hemispheres of cerebellum

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93
Q

Submasseteric space

A

space between masseter and ramus of mandible

94
Q

Where is the diaphragma sellae located?

A

on the four clinoid processes over the sella turcica

95
Q

Spaces below mylohyoid

A
  1. Sumandibular space 2. Submental space
96
Q

What passes through the diaphragma sellae?

A

Infundibulum of hypophysis

97
Q

Spaces above mylohyoid

A

Sublingual space

98
Q

Lateral Pharyngeal Space (aka)

A

-Parapharyngeal space -space between posterior wall of pharynx (pretracheal/buccopharyngeal fascia) and Alar fascia

99
Q

Space 4 (aka)

A

Prevertebral/Dange space -space between alar and Prevertebral fascia

100
Q

Maxillary tooth spread of infection

A
  1. Vertical: Maxillary sinus (canine to molars) or nasal cavity (ant teeth) 2. Lingual: Palate 3. Buccal (molars only): Buccal space/subQ (above buccinator) or Vestibule (below buccinator)
101
Q

Mandibular tooth spread of infection

A
  1. Inferior: Mandible, mandibular canal, and space of body of mandible 2. Buccal (molars only): Vestibule (above buccinator) or buccal space/subQ (below buccinator) 3. Lingual: Sublingual space (above mylohyoid) or submandibuar space (below mylohyoid)
102
Q

Which spaces can communicate in spread of infection?

A

Submandibular space and sublingual space around the posterior border of the mylohyoid

103
Q

Spread of infection mandibular tooth lingual distribution

A
  1. 3rd molars: Always below mylohyoid (submandibular space) 2. 2nd molars: 50/50 split 3. 1st molars and anterior: Always above mylohyoid (sublingual space)
104
Q

What bones form the bony orbit?

A
  1. Maxillary 2. Zygomatic 3. Frontal 4. Palatine 5. Lacrimal 6. Sphenoid 7. Ethmoid
105
Q

What bones make up the margin of the orbit?

A
  1. Maxilla 2. Zygomatic 3. Frontal
106
Q

What forms some of the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Lamina papyracea/lamina orbitalis/orbital plate

107
Q

Openings in the orbit

A
  1. Superior orbital fissure 2. Inferior orbital fissure 3. Optic canal 4. Anterior ethmoid foramen 5. Posterior ethmoid foramen 6. Supraorbital foramen 7. Infraorbital Canal 8. Nasolacrimal canal 9. Zygomaticoorbital foramen
108
Q

What two compartments does the optic canal connect?

A
  1. Middle cranial fossa 2. Orbit
109
Q

What two compartments does the superior orbital fissure connect?

A
  1. Middle cranial fossa 2. Orbit
110
Q

What two compartments does the inferior orbital fissure connect?

A
  1. Pterygopalatine fossa 2. Orbit
111
Q

Ocular Muscles

A
  1. Lateral rectus 2. Medial rectus 3. Superior rectus 4. Inferior rectus 5. Superior oblique 6. Inferior oblique
112
Q

Origin of rectus muscles (ocular)

A

Common tendinous ring/annulus surrounding optic canal and part of superior orbital fissure

113
Q

Structures passing through annulus/tendinous ring

A
  1. Optic nerve 2. Ophthalmic artery 3. Nasociliary nerve
114
Q

Insertion of rectus muscles (ocular)

A

anterior protion of sclera

115
Q

Superior oblique origin (functional origin)

A

Posterior of orbit, superior and medial to optic canal -Functional origin: tendon through trochlea attached to frontal bone

116
Q

Superior oblique insertion

A

Laterally, underneath superior rectus, to insert into posterior lateral sclera

117
Q

Inferior oblique origin

A

Front of orbit; upper surface of maxilla lateral to nasolacrimal canal

118
Q

Which muscle is an exception to the general origin of ocular muscles?

A

Inferior oblique

119
Q

Inferior oblique insertion

A

Passes under lateral rectus and inserts into lateral aspect of sclera

120
Q

Actions of ocular muscles

A
  1. Abduction/Adduction around vertical axis 2. Elevation/depression around horizontal axis 3. Rotation around anteroposterior axis
121
Q

Lateral and Medial rotational movement of eyeball

A

Lateral = Extorsion -medial = Intorsion

122
Q

Respective actions of ocular muscles

A
  1. Lateral and medial rectus move eyeball laterally or medially respectively 2. Rest of eyeball muscles (SO, IO, SR, IR) move eyeball in all 3 axes
123
Q

Innervation of ocular muscles

A
  1. LR6 (Abducens) 2. SO4 (Trochlear) 3. Rest are 3 (IO, MR, SR, IR)
124
Q

Muscles of Eyelid

A
  1. Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi 2. Levator palpebrae superioris
125
Q

Sxs of paralysis of Palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

A

Ptosis of lower eyelid

126
Q

Sxs of paralysis of Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Ptosis of upper eyelid

127
Q

Inervation of Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Oculomotor nerve

128
Q

Innervation of palpebral part of orbicularis oculi

A

Facial Nerve

129
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

Distance between upper and lower eyelid (slit when eyelids closed)

130
Q

Eyelashes (aka, location)

A

-Cilia -2-3 rows on free margin of eyelid

131
Q

Glands of eyelashes

A

Ciliary glands with hair follicles of cilia

132
Q

Infection of ciliary glands

A

Sty

133
Q

Features of medial end of free margin of eyelid

A
  1. Lacrimal punctum 2. Lacrimal papilla
134
Q

Tarsal plate

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue providing strength to eyelid

135
Q

Tarsal glands

A

Sebaceous glands that open on free margin of eyelid near posterior edge

136
Q

Obstruction/inflammation of tarsal glands

A

Tarsal chalazion

137
Q

Tarsal muscles (kind, innervation, action)

A

Smooth muscle -Innervated by CNS -Widens palpebral fissure

138
Q

Ligaments of palpebrae

A
  1. Medial palpebral ligament 2. Lateral palpebral ligament
139
Q

Function of palpebral ligaments

A

Hold tarsal plates

140
Q

Parts of Conjunctiva

A
  1. Palpebral conjunctiva 2. Bulbar conjunctiva
141
Q

Semilunar fold (aka)

A

Plica semilunaris -located at medial canthus deep to lacrimal caruncle

142
Q

Lacrimal caruncle

A

Large, pink mass located at medial canthus of eye

143
Q

Color of conjunctiva

A

palpebral conjunctiva = red (vascular) -Bulbar conjunctiva = transparent (red in infections)

144
Q

How many ducts does the lacrimal gland have and where do they empty?

A

-12 ducts -empties into conjunctival sac

145
Q

Where does the lacrimal gland secretion go?

A
  1. 50% evaporates 2. 50% drains into lacrimal punctum
146
Q

What prevents tears from overflowing?

A

Tarsal glands’ oily secretion

147
Q

Path of tears

A
  1. Lacrimal gland 2. ducts of lacrimal gland 3. conjunctiva sac 4. Lacrimal punctum 5. lacrimal canaliculi (become common sinus) 6. lacrimal sac 7. nasolacrimal duct
148
Q

How do tears move into lacrimal canaliculi?

A
  1. Capillary action 2. Lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi
149
Q

Pharyngeal Arch #1

A

Nerve: S3 -Muscles: Muscles of mastication, Anterior belly of digastric, Mylohyoid, Tensor tympani, Tensor veli palatini

150
Q

Pharyngeal arch #2

A

Nerve: Facial -Muscles: Muscles of Facial expression, Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

151
Q

Phayrngeal Arch #3

A

Nerve: Glossopharyngeal -Muscles: Stylopharyngeus

152
Q

Pharyngeal Arch #4

A

Nerve: External branch of superior laryngeal Nerve -Muscles: Cricothyroid

153
Q

Pharyngeal Arch #6

A

Nerve: recurrent laryngeal Nerve -Mucsles: Rest of laryngeal Muscles (Posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, vocalis, and aryepiglottidis)

154
Q

1 Olfactory Fiber Type

A

SVA

155
Q

2 Optic Fiber Type

A

SSA

156
Q

3 Oculomotor Fiber Type

A
  1. GSE 2. GVE 3. GVA
157
Q

4 Trochlear Fiber Type

A

GSE

158
Q

5 Trigeminal Fiber Type

A
  1. SVA 2. GSE
159
Q

6 Abducens Fiber Type

A

GSE

160
Q

7 Facial Fiber Type

A
  1. SVE 2. GVE 3. GVA 4. SVA 5. GSA
161
Q

8 Vestibulocohlear Fiber Type

A

SSA

162
Q

9 Glossopharyngeal Fiber Type

A
  1. SVE 2. GVE 3. GVA 4. SVA 5. GSA
163
Q

10 Vagus Fiber Type

A
  1. SVE 2. GVE 3. GVA 4. SVA 5. GSA
164
Q

11 Spinal Accessory Fiber Type

A

GSE

165
Q

12 Hypoglossal Fiber Type

A

GSE

166
Q

Path of tympanic nerve

A

General sensory and PSNS fibers –> jugular foramen via tympanic canaliculus –> tympanic cavity –> forms tympanic plexus (sensation to tympanic cavity) –> Lesser Petrosal nerve leaves through hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve –> groove for LPN –> Foramen ovale –> IT fossa –> Otic ganglion –> Auriculotemporal nerve –> Parotid

167
Q

Path of SNS nerves to parotid

A

Middle meningeal artery –> Auriculotemporal nerve –> blood vessels to parotid gland

168
Q

Frey’s syndrome (aka)

A

Auriculotemporal syndrome -Lac to Parotid gland and Great auricular or Auriculotemporal Nerve get healing secretomotor/PSNS fibers causing sweating instead of salivating

169
Q

Space of body of mandible

A

Investing fascia split around inferior border of mandible

170
Q

Superficial and deep temporal spaces

A

Superficial: between temporalis fascia and temporalis -deep: deep to temporalis

171
Q

Masticator space

A

Investing fascia encircling muscle of mastication

172
Q

Infratemporal space (main nerve, procedures)

A

Main Nerve: S3 -Procedures: PSA block and mandibular block

173
Q

What runs between the skull and the superior pharyngeal constrictor?

A
  1. Ascending palatine artery 2. Pharyngotympanic tube 3. Levator veli palatini
174
Q

What runs between the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor and the esophagus?

A
  1. Recurrent laryngeal nerve 2. Inferior thyroid artery
175
Q

Innervation of muscles of the pharynx

A

-Most innervated by Pharyngeal plexus (9,10,11; mostly vagus) -Exception: stylopharyngeus innervated by Glossopharyngeal Nerve

176
Q

Phases of Deglutition (which one is the fastest, most likely to fail with age?)

A
  1. Oral/Mouth 2. Pharyngeal (fastest) 3. Esophageal
177
Q

Layers of the Pharyngeal Wall

A
  1. Mucosal 2. Muscular (inner longitudinal and outer circular) 3. Fascial (buccopharyngeal above hyoid and pretracheal below hyoid)
178
Q

Sensory innervation of nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

A

Nasopharynx: S2 -Oropharynx: Mainly Glossopharyngeal with some S2 -Laryngopharynx: Vagus (e.g. superior laryngeal Nerve, etc.)

179
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

The laryngopharynx and the trachea

180
Q

Relationships of the Larynx (anterior, posterior, and lateral)

A

Anterior: Superficial/palpable -Posterior: Laryngopharynx -Lateral: Carotid sheath, thyroid gland, and Muscles (SCM, infrahyoids)

181
Q

Space between vocal folds

A

Rima glottidis

182
Q

Where do the vestibular folds extend?

A

Thyroid cartilage to corniculate cartilage

183
Q

Where do the vocal folds extend?

A

thyroid cartilage to Vocal processes of arytenoid

184
Q

How do you tell the difference between false and true vocal cords?

A

False vocal cords are all red (vascular) and true vocal cords have a white (avascular) vocal ligament

185
Q

Saccule

A

Sebaceous gland found as diverticulum in ventricle; “oil can of the larynx”

186
Q

Muscles of the larynx

A

Intrinsic muscles 1. Cricothyroid 2. Posterior cricoarytenoid 3. Thyroarytenoid 4. Vocalis 5. Aryepiglottidis Extrinsic muscles 1. Suprahyoids 2. Infrahyoids 3. Pharyngeal muscles

187
Q

General functions of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A
  1. Open rima glottidis (abduction) 2. Close rima glottidis (adduction) 3. Regulate tension in the true vocal cords
188
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx and respective functions

A
  1. Cricothyroid (adduction) 2. Posterior Cricoarytenoid (abduction) 3. Thyroarytenoid (Reg. tension of true vocal cords) 4. Vocalis (Reg. tension of true vocal cords) 5. Aryepiglottidis (close aditus by pulling epiglottis down and approximating aryepiglottic folds)
189
Q

Where is the aryepiglottidis muscle located?

A

in the aryepiglottic fold

190
Q

Innervation of the muscles of the larynx

A

Most Innervated by recurrent laryngeal Nerve (from Vagus N) -Exception: Cricothyroid Innervated by External branch of superior laryngeal Nerve (also from Vagus N)

191
Q

Sensory innervation of the larynx

A

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve (from vagus N)

192
Q

Otic Ganglion (CN, Nucleus, Preganglionic fibers, postganglionic fibers, structures innervated)

A

CN: Glossopharyngeal Nerve -Nucleus: Inferior Salivatory Nucleus (medulla) -Preganglionic: Tympanic Nerve, Tympanic plexus, Lesser Petrosal Nerve -Postganglionic: Auriculotemporal Nerve -Structures Innervated: Parotid gland

193
Q

What is the Aditus the boundary for?

A

boundary between the laryngopharynx and the larynx

194
Q

What nerve is in the depth of the piriform recess?

A

Internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

195
Q

MPC (origin and insertion)

A

origin: hyoid -Insertion: tendinous/Pharyngeal raphe

196
Q

Where are the motor nerve cell bodies located for CNs 9, 10, &11?

A

Nucleus Ambiguus

197
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus (location and contents)

A

-Medulla -Motor nerve cell bodies of CNs 9, 10, 11

198
Q

Where does the PSNS supply for the Glosopharyngeal nerve come from?

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

199
Q

Inferior salivatory nucleus (location, contents)

A

medulla -PSNS nerves to Glossopharyngeal

200
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal supply (sensation)?

A

Sensation and taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue

201
Q

Where are all the cell bodies of the sensory nerves of the Glossopharyngeal located?

A

Inferior Ganglion

202
Q

Inferior Ganglion (location, contents)

A

Just inside the jugular foramen -cell bodies of sensory nerves of Glossopharyngeal

203
Q

Branches of Glossopharyngeal

A
  1. Tympanic Nerve 2. General sensory branches to carotid sinus 3. Nerve to stylopharyngeus 4. Sensation fibers to oropharynx, tonsils, and post 1/3 of the tongue 5. Taste fibers to post 1/3 of tongue
204
Q

Why is otitis media so painful?

A

Because of the tympanic plexus

205
Q

Boundaries of laryngopharynx (superior and inferior)

A

superior: line of demarcation posteriorly from epiglottis -Inferior: Inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

206
Q

Anterior features of laryngopharynx

A
  1. Aditus/laryngeal inlet/laryngeal opening 2. Aryepiglottic folds 3. Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages 4. Lamina of cricoid cartilage
207
Q

Anterolateral features of the laryngopharynx

A

Piriform recess

208
Q

What muscles originate at the styloid process and what is their respective innervation?

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus: Glossopharyngeal Nerve 2. Stylohyoid: Facial Nerve 3. Styloglossus: Hypoglossal Nerve
209
Q

SPC (origin and insertion)

A

origin: pterygomandibular raphe -Insertion: tendinous/Pharyngeal raphe

210
Q

IPC (origin and insertion)

A

origin: thyroid and cricoid cartilages -Insertion: tendinous/Pharyngeal raphe

211
Q

What is the only muscle innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Stylopharyngeus

212
Q

What does the stylopharyngeus pass between?

A

the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors

213
Q

Types of epithelia and locations (and exceptions)

A
  1. Stratified Squamous - Where food is 2. Respiratory Epithelium - Air passages Exceptions 1. Superior border of soft palate is respiratory epithelium 2. Vestibule of larynx near epiglottis is respiratory epithelium
214
Q

Function of the arytenoid cartilage

A

Sound production

215
Q

Parts of the Laryngeal Cavity

A
  1. Vestibule (Aditus to Vestibular folds) 2. Ventricle (Ventricular folds to Vocal folds) 3. Infraglottic Cavity (Vocal folds to inferior border of cricoid cartilage)
216
Q

What does speech require?

A
  1. Exipratory air (from lungs) 2. “laryngeal tone makers” (true vocal cords) 3. Resonance and articulation (mouth, pharynx, nose, and related muscles)
217
Q

What is posterior to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

Prevertebral muscles

218
Q

Muscles of the Pharynx

A

Longitudinal (inner layer) 1. Stylopharyngeus 2. Palatopharyngeus 3. Salpingopharyngeus Circular (outer layer) 1. Superior pharyngeal constrictor 2. Middle pharyngeal constrictor 3. Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

219
Q

What runs between the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors?

A
  1. Stylopharyngeus 2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve 3. Stylohyoid Ligament
220
Q

What runs between the middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

A
  1. Superior laryngeal artery 2. Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve
221
Q

What runs within the substance of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor?

A

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve (to cricothyroid)

222
Q

Cartilages of the Larynx and type

A
  1. Thyroid (Hyaline) 2. Cricoid (Hyaline) 3. Epiglottic (Elastic) 4. Arytenoid (Hyaline) 5. Corniculate (Elastic) 6. Cuneiform (Elastic)
223
Q

Shape and orientation of arytenoids

A

pyramidal with apex superiorly and base on cricoid lamina

224
Q

Glottis

A
  1. Both vocal folds 2. Rima glottidis
225
Q

Alternate names for vestibular and vocal folds

A

-Vestibular folds = False vocal cords -Vocal folds = true vocal cords

226
Q

Function of the saccule

A

Lubrication of the true vocal cords

227
Q

Horns of thyroid cartilage and related structures

A
  1. Superior horns (hyoid) 2. Inferior horns (cricoid)
228
Q

Where does the epiglottic cartilage attach?

A

Superior posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage

229
Q

Vocal processes

A

Processes of the base of the arytenoid that move back and forth on the lamina of the cricoid cartilage

230
Q

Space between vestibular folds

A

Rima vestibuli

Head and Neck Anatomy (10 decks)

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