Anatomy test 2 Flashcards
name the three types of muscle tissue
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
skeletal muscle
describe cardiac muscle and give an example
weblike and branching and allows for highly coordinated contriaction of the heart.
Ex;heart
describe smooth muscle and give an example
found in the walls of hollow organs throughout the body.
contractions are involuntary(automatic)
Ex; eye
describe skeletal muscle and give an example
skeletal muscle appears striated(striped) under a microscope, due to the repeating contractile unts known an sacromeres
Ex; any muscle in the body so like pectoralis major
what are the two types of muscle fibers
Fast twitch and slow twitch
describe fast twitch
anaerobi, larger, fatigue faster and have faster contraction speed that slow twitch fibres and appear white.
describe slow twitch
fibers that rely on oxygen, smaller, slower contracting, and atigue resistant and apear red.
static vs dynamic stretching?
static stretching is holding a fully stecthed position and dynamic stretching is rapidly moving a joint through its full range of motion
whats isometric and give example
one in which there is no visible change in muscle length even though the muscle and undergone muscle contraction. (NOT MOVING)
Ex. plank
whats isotonic and give example
the muscle changes length but not its tension.(SAME TENSION)
Ex. specific machines designed
whats isokinetic and give example
the neuromuscular systen can work at a constrant speed during each phase of movement agniast a preset high
resistance.(SAME MOTION(SPEED))
what auxotonic and give example
occurs when neither te force nor the length remains constant.(CHANGING TENSION)
Ex. free weights
what plyocentric and give example
A hybrid contraction in the muscle perorm an isotonic concentric contracion, but from a strecthed postion.
Ex. jump squat, jumping jack
what concetric
one in which the muscle shortens as it goes through the range of motion.
Ex. flexion of muscles
whats eccentric
one in which the muscle lengthens during the movement
Ex. extension
whats muscular strength?
commonly measured as a maximal value and can be defined as the ability of a muscle or muscle group to exert force agniast a resistance.
Whats Power?
the ability to oercome external resistance at a high rate of muscular contraction.
whats muscular endurance?
the ability of a muscle or muscle group to SUSTAIN a given level of force(static excercise) or to contract and relax(dynamic excercise) repeatedly at a gien resistance.
phase 2 of PNF
(pre tension phase) the trainee exerts a full static resistance agniast a artner resistance for approx 7s
phase 1 of Proprioceptive neuromuscular faciliation(PNF)
during the first active stretching stage, the muscles to be stretched are actively pulled to the ery limit of movement range performed slowly and continuosly.
phase 3 of PNF
(passive strecthing phase) the partner pushes the body further into a stretched positon almost to the point of pain. this final postion is then held with all the msucles relaxed for approx 6s.
whats an agonist muscle?
the prime mover and performs a desired action.
whats an antagonist muscle?
performs the opposite movement to the agonist and may act to CONTROL an gonist movement and slow it down.
whats a fixator?
they stabilize one attachment of a muscle so that the contraction moves the other end.
whats a synergist?
acts to prevent unwanted SECONDARY joint movement in order to maximize the desired joint movment.
what are the roles of tape in injury taping
injury care and injury prevention
whats the first tape called in ankle taping
anchor
whats the last tape called in ankle taping
heel lock
what are the open areas called
window
how must you position your foot for taping
must dorsiflex and evert
what are some general tips for injury taping
- no wrinkles in tape
- dont change direction of tape halfway
- to check if too tiht squeeze fingernail to check bloodlow
- dont overlap too much
- if sweaty cant do
whats a stress fracture
occur over long period of time and are likely resulting repetitive rhymic stress causing bones to vibrate
common causes of stress fractures
- Coming back into competition too soon after injury
- Improper training
-starting initial training too soon too hard - Change in environment(ex. Running surface, shoes, etc)
whats an acute fracture
- Sudden onset
- fracture patterns vary, depending on causative actions,,
-Ex: depressed, comminuted, longitudinal, serrated, transverse, spiral fracture, and contrecoup
whats an avulsion fracture
when a piece of bone breaks off at the insertion point of a tendon or ligament due to excessie force.
whats a simple fracture
the bone does not break the skin
whats a compound fracture?
the bone breaks through the skin
whats a ligament
band of strong fibrous tissues connecting, bone to bone
whats a tendon
connects muscle to bone
whats a sprain
injury to ligaments, joint capsules, sometimes tendons
whats a strain
injury to muscle of tendons(straining is over strecthing)
whats a partial dislocation called
subluxation
whats a complete dislocation called
luxation
whats the most common dislocated joint
fingers
whats a bruise caused
contusion
possible causes of strain?
- Inadequate warm up
- Mineral imbalance due to profuse sweating
- Fatigue waste products collecting in muscle
-Strength imbalance between agonist and antagonist
whats a cramp
involuntary contraction of muscle
whats acute soreness
immediate soreness related to reduced circulation
whats a spasm
a reflex reaction caused by trauma to a muscle
whats DOMS
delayed onset muscle soreness an it increased in intensity for 2-3 days
may take uo to 12 weeks to repair
how can you prevent DOMS
gradual warm up and aerobic cooldown and stretching after excercise
RICE accronym
R-rest
I-ice
C-compress
E-elevate
what does MTBI stand for
M-mild
T- traumatic
B- brain
I- injury
whats the law that is named after the girl who died of a concussion
Rowans law
