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Block H - Movement > Anatomy -- Spine > Flashcards

Anatomy -- Spine Flashcards

1
Q

5 divisions of the vertebral column

A
  • Cervical Spine
  • Thoracic Spine
  • Lumbar Spine
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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2
Q

Number of vertebrae of cervical spine

A

7 (C1 - C7)

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3
Q

Number of vertebrae of thoracic spine

A

12 (T1 - T12)

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4
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5 (L1 - L5)

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5
Q

Number of vertebrae in sacrum

A

5 (S1 - S5)

NOTE: Fused in adults

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6
Q

Number of vertebrae in cocyx (tailbone)

A

4

NOTE: Variation may occur (i.e. 3 or 5), but usually treated as a single entity anyway

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7
Q

Define lordosis

A

Normal curvature of cervical and lumbar portions of spine

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8
Q

Define kyphosis

A

Normal curvature of thoracic and sacral portions of the spine

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9
Q

Example of a condition that can cause exaggerated lordosis or kyphosis

A

“Hunchback” = hyperkyphosis

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10
Q

Example of acondition that can cause loss of lordosis or kyphosis

A

Muscle spasm –> loss of lordosis

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11
Q

Define scoliosis

A

Abnormal curvature of the spine laterally

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12
Q

Most common cause of scoliosis in adolescents

A

Idiopathic

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13
Q

Most common cause of scoliosis in elderly

A

Degenerative

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14
Q

7 parts of a typical verebra

A
  • Vertebral body
  • Verebral arch
    • Pedicle
    • Lamina
  • Inferior articular process
  • Transverse process
  • Spinous process
  • Superior articular process
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15
Q

2 vertebra that are NOT typical vertebrae

A

C1 and C2

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16
Q

Function of vertebral body

A

Short cylindrical bone that supports weight

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17
Q

Function of the vertebral arch

A

Encloses the vertebral foramen –> when stacked with other vertebrae, this creates the spinal canal

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18
Q

Indentations of the pedicles

A

Superior and inferior vertebral notches

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19
Q

What forms the intervertebral or neural foramen

A

Inferior notch of one vertebra and the superior notch of the vertebra below when stacked

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20
Q

Function of the intervertebral/neural foramen

A

Exit for the spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord

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21
Q

Function of spinous process

A

Act as a point of attachment for various ligaments and muscles

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22
Q

Function of transverse processes

A

Point of attachment for ligaments and deep back muscles

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23
Q

Alternative name for articular processes

A

Zygapophyses

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24
Q

What forms the facet joint?

A

Each articular process has an articular facet –> Inferior facet of one vertebra and the superior facet of the vertebra below

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25
Q

Function of the angle of the facet joint

A

Prevent anterior slippage of one vertebra on another

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26
Q

Define pars interarticularis

A

The bony area between the two articular processes

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27
Q

Type of vertebra: C1

A

Atlas

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28
Q

Describe the form of the atlas (C1)

A

Ring-shaped vertebra without a body or spinous process

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29
Q

Function of C1 (atlas)

A

Support the skull

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30
Q

Type of vertebra: C2

A

Axis

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31
Q

Describe the form of the axis (C2)

A

Dens (odontoid process) protrudes superiorly from the body

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32
Q

Describe the movement of C1 against C2

A

C1 rotates around the dens –> shaking head side-to-side

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33
Q

Function of the transverse ligament of the atlas

A

Help appose dens against C1 (and also separates the dense from spinal cord)

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34
Q

Purpose of foramen in transverse processes of cervical spine. Exception?

A

Passage of the vertebral arteries

Except C7 –> foramen allows passage of small veins

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35
Q

Describe the spinous processes of C2 - C6

A

Bifid

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36
Q

Describe the spinous process of C7

A

Long (can feel bump at the back of the back of the neck)

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37
Q

Where do vertebral arteries originate from and what do they become?

A

Arise from the subclavian artery –> merge to form the basilar artery (feeds part of the brain)

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38
Q

10 parts of the atlas (C1) from a superior view

A
  • Posterior arch
  • Posterior tubercle
  • Superior articular facet
  • Facet for dens
  • Anterior tubercle
  • Anterior arch
  • Transverse foramen
  • Transverse process
  • Lateral masses
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39
Q

Identify the 8 parts of the atlas from a lateral view

A
  • Superior articular facet
  • Anterior tubercle
  • Transverse foramen
  • Inferior articular facet
  • Transverse process
  • Posterior arch of atlas
  • Posterior tubercle
  • Groove for vertebral artery
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40
Q

Identify the 9 parts of the axis (C2) from a superior view

A
  • Spinous process
  • Vertebral arch
  • Inferior articular process
  • Transverse foramen
  • Anterior articular facet
  • Superior articular facet
  • Transverse process
  • Dens
  • Vertebral foramen
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41
Q

Identify the 10 parts of the axis (C2) from a lateral view

A
  • Anterior articular facet
  • Superior articular facet
  • Transverse foramen
  • Body
  • Transverse process
  • Inferior articular facet
  • Vertebral arch
  • Spinous process
  • Dens
  • Posterior articular facet
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42
Q

Joint between the facet of the dens on C1 and the dens of the axis (C2)

A

Median atlantoaxial joint

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43
Q

Joint between a typical inferior articular process and superior articular process

A

Zygaophyseal joint

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44
Q

What part of the thoracic vertebrae allows for articulation with ribs

A

Costal facets on side of each body and on each transverse process

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45
Q

Shape of the bodies of T5 - T8 when viewed superiorly

A

Heart-shaped

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46
Q

Identify the 11 parts of a typical cervical vertebra from a superior view

A
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Lamina
  • Pedicle
  • Transverse process with sulcus for spinal nerve
  • Body
  • Anterior tubercle
  • Transverse foramen
  • Posterior tubercle
  • Superior articular facet
  • Vertebral arch
  • Spinous process
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47
Q

Identify the 9 parts of a typical cervical vertebra from a lateral view

A
  • Transverse foramen
  • Superior articular process
  • Superior articular facet
  • Inferior articular process
  • Spinous process
  • Inferior articular facet
  • Sulcus for spinal nerve
  • Body
  • Transverse process
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48
Q

Identify the 10 parts of a typical thoracic vertebra from a superior view

A
  • Costal facet on transverse process
  • Spinous process
  • Lamina
  • Transverse process
  • Superior articular facet
  • Superior vertebral notch
  • Body
  • Superior costal facet
  • Inferior costal facet
  • Pedicle
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49
Q

Identify the 10 parts of a typical thoracic vertebra from a lateral view

A
  • Body
  • Superior costal facet
  • Superior vertebral notch
  • Superior articular facet
  • Transverse process
  • Costal facet on transverse process
  • Inferior vertebral notch
  • Spinous process
  • Inferior articular facet
  • Inferior costal facet
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50
Q

Define sacralization

A

Fusion of one or both L5 transverse processes to S1

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51
Q

Identify the 10 parts of a typical lumbar vertabra from a superior view

A
  • Spinous process
  • Superior articular facet
  • Mammilary process
  • Costal process
  • Superior articular process
  • Superoir vertebral notch
  • Body
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Vertebral arch
  • Accessory process
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52
Q

Identify the 8 parts of a typical lumbar vertebra from a lateral view

A
  • Superior articular process
  • Mammillary process
  • Costal process
  • Spinous process
  • Inferior articular facet
  • Inferior articular process
  • Inferior vertebral notch
  • Body
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53
Q

When do the vertebrae of the scarum start to fuse?

A

Around 18 years of age

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54
Q

Result of fusion of sacral vertebrae

A

Creation of a single triangular bone –> transverse lines

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55
Q

Define sacral promontory

A

The anterior edge of the body of S1

56
Q

With what process does the sacrum articulate in the pelvic ring? What joint?

A

Ilia of the pelvic bones at the sacro-iliac joint

57
Q

What allows passage of sacral nerves in the sacrum?

A

4 pairs of foraminae

58
Q

Parts of coccyx

A

Body only with no vertebral arch

59
Q

From which joint does the coccyx articulate with the sacrum?

A

Sacrococcygeal joint

60
Q

Advantage of sacrococcygeal joint

A

Allows for some movement, such as in childbirth

61
Q

How to name intervertebral discs

A

According to vertebrae above and below

62
Q

Percentage of vertebral column height due to intervertebral discs

63
Q

Purpose of intervertebral discs

A

Shock absorption

64
Q

Define annulus fibrosus

A

Outer portion of intervertebral discs composed of concentric lamellae (layers) of fibrocartilage and collagen with direction of fibers varying

65
Q

Purpose of annulus fibrosus

A

Provide strength to intervertebral discs

66
Q

Central core of intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus polposus

67
Q

3 points of the structure of the nucleus polposus

A
  • Collagen in a gel of polysaccharides with high water content
  • Avascular
  • Loss of water content and becomes more fibrous with age
68
Q

How does the nucleus polposus receive nutrients?

A

Via diffusion through hyaline cartilage endplates that sit on either end of vertebral body

69
Q

What is the effect of the nucleus polposus losing its water content?

A

Contribution to loss of height with age

70
Q

Define annular tear

A

Tear in annulus fibrosus allowing material from nucleus polposus to leak out –> pain due to irritation from the material

71
Q

Define disc protrusion/herniation

A

Nucleus polposus herniates through the inner part of the annulus versus all the way through the annulus

72
Q

2 vertebral body ligaments

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
73
Q

Location of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Along the anterior surface of the vertebral body

74
Q

Location of posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Along the posterior surface of the vertebral body

75
Q

4 vertebral arch ligaments

A
  • Ligamenta flava
  • Interspinous ligaments
  • Supraspinous ligaments
  • Intertransverse ligaments
76
Q

Location of ligamenta flava

A

Between laminae

77
Q

Locatio nof interspinous ligaments

A

Between spinous processes

78
Q

Location of supraspinous ligaments

A

Along posterior ridge of spinous processes

79
Q

Location of intertransverse ligaments

A

Between transverse processes

80
Q

Define the nuchal ligament

A

Portion of the supraspinous ligament that is broadened superiorly, located between external occipital protruberance and spinous process of C7

81
Q

Define the anterior longitduinal ligament

A

Broad, fibrous band that covers, and is attached to, the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

82
Q

What vertebrae does the anterior longitudinal ligament span?

A

Skull and C1 to sacrum

83
Q

Function of anterior longitudinal ligament

A

Prevent hyperextension of vertebral column

84
Q

Define the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Thinner band (compared to anterior longituidinal ligament) that runs within the spinal canal, attached to the posterior aspect of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

85
Q

Which vertebrae does the posterior longitudinal ligament run along?

A

C2 to sacrum

86
Q

Function of posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Prevent hyperflexion of vertebral column

87
Q

Location of spinal cord

A

Within the spinal canal

88
Q

3 protective meninges surrounding the spinal cord (from outermost to innermost)

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

89
Q

Describe the attachment of the dura mater

A

Fixed to skull and uppermost cervical vertebrae; hangs loosely to S2

90
Q

Describe the attachment of the arachnoid mater

A

Covers spinal cord loosely down to S2

91
Q

Describe the attachment of the pia mater

A

Closely envelopes the spinal cord

92
Q

Location of the subarachnoid space

A

Between the arachnoid and pia

93
Q

What fluid is in the subarachnoid space?

94
Q

Space involved for a lumbar puncture

A

Subarachnoid space

95
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

96
Q

End of spinal cord structure

A

Conus medullaris (tapered end)

97
Q

What does the spinal cord become below L1

A

Collection of spinal nerves + filum terminale = Cauda Equina

98
Q

Define filum terminale

A

Cord-like remnant of spinal cord that attaches to sacrum/coccyx)

99
Q

Site for lumbar puncture

A

L3 - L4/ L4 - L5

100
Q

From where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column

A

Intervertebral (neural) foramen

101
Q

Number of cervical nerves and where they exit

A

8 (first 7 exit ABOVE corresponding vertebra and C8 exits BELOW C7 vertebra)

102
Q

Where do the thoracic and lumbar nerves exit the vertebral column?

A

Below their corresponding vertebrae

103
Q

Where do the sacral nerves leave the vertebral column?

A

Foramen of sacrum

104
Q

Number of thoracic and lumbar nerves

A

Thoracic = 12

Lumbar = 5

105
Q

Number of coccygeal nerves

106
Q

Artery for anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

A

Anterior Spinal Artery

107
Q

Artery for posterior 1/3 of cord

A

Posterior Spinal Arteries (2)

108
Q

Define radicular arteries

A

Branches from other arteries that feed into spinal arteries

109
Q

Describe the venous blood supply of the spinal cord

A

3 anterior and 3 posterior spinal veins that communicate with each other to form internal vertebral plexuses

110
Q

Describe the territory of skin supplied by dermatomes

A
  • Back of head = C2
  • Neck = C3
  • Shoulder = C4
  • Everything else follows its way down
  • Bum = S5
111
Q

Dermatome of C5

A

Deltoid region

112
Q

Dermatome for thumb

113
Q

Dermatome for C7

A

Middle finger

114
Q

Dermatome for C8

A

Little finger

115
Q

Dermatome for T1

A

Medial elbow

116
Q

Dermatome for T4

A

Nipple line

117
Q

Dermatome for T10

118
Q

Dermatome for L4`

A

Medial malleolus

119
Q

Dermatome of L5

A

Foot - 1st webspace

120
Q

Dermatome for S1

A

Lateral foot

121
Q

Define myotome

A

Group of muscles supplied by the motor element of the spinal nerve

122
Q

Spnal nerves involved in knee extension

A

L2 - 3 - 4

123
Q

Myotome for C5

A

Shoulder abduction

124
Q

Myotome for C6

A

Elbow flexion/wrist extension

125
Q

Myotome for C7

A

Elbow extension/wrist flexion

126
Q

Myotome for C8

A

Finger flexion

127
Q

Myotome for T1

A

Finger abduction

128
Q

Myotome for L4

A

Ankle inversion

129
Q

Myotome for L5

A

Great toe extension

130
Q

Myotome for S1

A

Ankle eversion or plantar flexion

131
Q

Define deep tendon reflexes

A

Involuntary muscle contraction in response to stretching of the muscle tendon by tapping it briskly

132
Q

Reflex for nerve root C5 - C6

133
Q

Reflex for nerve root C6

A

Brachioradialis

134
Q

Reflex for nerve root C7

135
Q

Reflex for nerve roots L2 3 4

136
Q

Reflex for nerve root S1

Block H - Movement (7 decks)

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