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MAY MEDICINE 1 REVISION > Anatomy spelling !! > Flashcards

Anatomy spelling !! Flashcards

1
Q

What is contained within the granules in the stratum granulosum ?
Spelling

A

Keratohyalin

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2
Q

Layers of the epidermis of the skin

Spelling

A 
Corneum 
Lucideum 
Granulosum 
Spinosum 
Basale
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3
Q

Layers of the dermis of the skin

Spelling

A

Papillary

Reticular

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4
Q

What are the two types of corpuscles

Spelling

A

Meissner

Paccinian

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5
Q

What is the name for the basment membrane of a epithelial tissue ?
Spelling

A

basal lamina

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6
Q

types of gland secretion

Spelling

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

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7
Q

What kind of secretion is performed by endocrine glands?

Spelling

A

Proteinaceous

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8
Q

What is it called when there are abnormal fibres in the loose or dense connective tissue ?
Spelling

A

Epidermolysis bullosa

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9
Q

What are the two connective tissue diseases which affect the bone ?
Spelling

A

Osteoporosis/petrosis

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10
Q

examples of flat bones

A

Cranial bones, sternum, scapulae and ribs

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11
Q

examples of Sutural bone

A

little extra bones found between the cranial bones

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12
Q

examples of Short bone

A

Tarsals and carpals

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13
Q

examples of Irregular bone

A

vertebrate and sacrum

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14
Q

examples of sesamoid

A

patella

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15
Q

examples of Iong bone

A

Humours, radius, femur, metatarsals etc.

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16
Q

Membrane of bone, muscle and nerves

Spelling

A

Periosteum
Endosteum

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

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17
Q

horizontal blood carrying cannels in compact bone

Spelling

A

Volkmanns channels

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18
Q

What is the non bone marrow part of spongy bone ?

Spelling

A

lamellated trabeculae

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19
Q

Why colour of bone marrow goes where ?

A

Red in spongy bone

Yellow in the medullary cavity bone

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20
Q

Channels used for communication between osteocytes

Spelling

A

Canaliculi

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21
Q

Compare the extracellular matrix of connective tissue, bone and cartilage

A

Connective tissue - Fibres (rope like) which include both collagen (of which there are 19 types including Reticulin) and elastic fibres (which come in yellow sheets). Ground substance mainly made of proteoglycans and a tissue fluid.
Bone - Hydroxyapatite crystals and collagen fibres (type 1) and water
Cartilage - Water, and then also fibres (collagen type 2) and molecules (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins)

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22
Q

What has good tensile stregth?

A

Collagen

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23
Q

Functions of bone, cartilage, skin, muscles, the vertebral column, respiratory system, joints

A

Bone - Weight bearing, mineral store, protection and blood formation
Skin - UV protection, immune surveillance, energy store, sensory information
Cartilage - Support tissue and organs and a scaffold in bone development
Muscles - Movement, static support and head production
Vertebral column - Weight bearing, protection, movement, site of muscle attachment
Joints - Movement and growth
Respiratory system - Communication, immunity, gas exchange and maintenance of the acid base balance

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24
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found ?

A

It is found in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, epiphyseal growth plate, synovial joints, nose, costal cartilage

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25
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found ?

A

the external ear and epiglottis

26
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found ?

A

intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, knee joint

27
Q

What is the average thickness of cartilage ?

A

2-3mm

28
Q

What is articular cartilage and where does it get its nutrients from ?

A

The hyaline cartilage at the end of articulating bones.

From the synovial fluid in the synovial joints

29
Q

What is the growth plate in long bones?

Spelling

A

epiphyseal growth plate

30
Q

Histology topics

A

Types of cartilage

31
Q

Types of fibrous joint (Spelling)

A

Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

32
Q

Types of cartilaginous joint (spelling)

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

33
Q

Where do you find a hinge joint ?

A

Elbow

Knee

34
Q

Where do you find a pivot joint ?

A

C1 (Altas) to C2 (Axis)

joint in the elbow which allows the hand to be supinated

35
Q

Where do you find a saddle joint ?

A

Base of the thumb

36
Q

Where do you find a condylar joint ?

A

Joints in the metacarpals i.e. folding joints of the finders and toes

37
Q

Where do you find a plane joint ?

A

Clavicle to scapula

38
Q

Where do you find a ball and socket joint ?

A

Hip, shoulder

39
Q

What is it called when blood vessels combine around joints ?

A

Anastomoses

40
Q

What is Hilton’s law ?

A

the nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle.

41
Q

(Spelling) Name for a flat tendon ?

A

Aponeuroses

42
Q

Names of the nerves (Spelling)

A

Musculocutaneous
Sciatic
Obturator

43
Q

Names of muscles (Spelling)

A 
Biceps brachii 
Brachialis 
Coracobrachialis 
Triceps brachii 
Brachioradialis
44
Q

types of neuron and draw them

A

Bipolar
Psudounipolar
Multipolar

45
Q

(Spelling) Cells which produce myelin

A

Schwann cells

Oligodendrocytes

46
Q

(Spelling) Blood supply to the nerves

A

Vasa nervorum

47
Q

How many spinal nerves are there ?

A

31

48
Q

How many vertebrate are there ?

A

33

49
Q

What is used to increase shock absorption ?

A

Curvature

Intervertebral discs

50
Q

Maximum movement in different sections of the spinal chord

A

Cervical - Flexion, extension, lateral flexion
Thoracic - Rotation
Lumbar - Flexion and extension

51
Q

What ligament sits between the atlas and axis ?

A

Transverse ligament

52
Q

Parts of the spinal chord

A
  1. The conus medullarise is the cone like inferior end of the spinal cord
  2. The cauda equina is the bundle of spinal nerve roots resembles horse tail. Spinal nerves that come out of the spinal chord after it ends enter the cauda equina, seeking their IV foramen to exit. Note therefore the spinal nerves are named for the level they exit the foramen not the spinal chord.
  3. The filum terminale (internum) is a continuation of pia mater
  4. Dural sac: terminates at S2 vertebral level and attached to the tip of the coccyx by filum terminale externum
  5. The dural cistern is the dilated dural sac, ends at S2 vertebral level
  6. Vertebral canal
53
Q

Different sections of the spinal chord i.e. all the T1-L5 stuff

A

Sympathetic outflow - T1 - L2
Parasympathetic outflow - 3,7,9,10 and S2-4
Brachial plexus - C5 - T1
Lumbosacral plexus - L1 - S4

54
Q

What is the function of extrinsic muscle groups ?

A

upper limb movement and respiration

55
Q

What is the function of intrinsic muscle groups ?

A

maintained posture and control of movement of the vertebral column

56
Q

What are examples of intrinsic muscles and there actions ?

A

Flexion (bilateral) by muscles anterior to the spine. i.e. Rectus abdominis and psaos Major .

Extension (bilateral) by muscles posterior to the spine. I.e. Erector Spinae

Rotation (unilateral) by muscles with oblique fibre orientation. i.e. External oblique, internal oblique (opposite side), and erector spinae.

Lateral flexion (unilateral). i.e. Erector Spinae, external and internal oblique

57
Q

key muscles of the back (spelling)

A 
Erector spinae 
Psaos major 
Rectus abdominus 
Deltoid 
Trapezius 
Latissimus dorsi 
External and internal obliques
58
Q

What is at what level i.e. T2 T4 etc

A 
Jugular notch - T2
Clavicular notch - T3 
Sternal angle - T4/5 
Vertebrate behind the heart - T5-8 
Vertebrate in front of the heat - T4-7
Cardiac notch T4-6
Carina T4 
Sympathetic outflow T1-L2 
Parasympathetic outflow S2-4
Brachial plexus C5-T1 
Start of the traches C6 
Lumbosacral plexus L1-S4 
Sympathetic nerves which supply the heart T1-4 
Sympathetic nerves which supply the lungs T2-5
59
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm

A

Sensory fibres in the phrenic nerve innervates the central part of the diaphragm
Motor fibres from the phrenic nerve innervates the inferior part of the diaphragm.
Intercostal fibres innervate the peripheral part of the diaphragm T7-T12

60
Q

Innervation of the lungs

A

Phrenic nerve supplies the parietal pleura.
Sympathetic T2-5 intercostal nerves. These supply the lungs and the parietal pleura.
Vagus nerve which supplies the visceral pleura.

61
Q

Innervation of the heart

A

Phrenic nerve innervates the fibrous and parietal pericardia.
Sympathetic nerves T1-4 supply the heart and the visceral pleura.
Vagus nerve supplies the heart and the visceral pericardia.

62
Q

Bones of the hands and feet

A

Hands - Carpels, metacarpals and phalanges

Feet - Tarpels, metetarpals and phalanges

MAY MEDICINE 1 REVISION (23 decks)

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