Anatomy spelling !! Flashcards
What is contained within the granules in the stratum granulosum ?
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Keratohyalin
Layers of the epidermis of the skin
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Corneum Lucideum Granulosum Spinosum Basale
Layers of the dermis of the skin
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Papillary
Reticular
What are the two types of corpuscles
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Meissner
Paccinian
What is the name for the basment membrane of a epithelial tissue ?
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basal lamina
types of gland secretion
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Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
What kind of secretion is performed by endocrine glands?
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Proteinaceous
What is it called when there are abnormal fibres in the loose or dense connective tissue ?
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Epidermolysis bullosa
What are the two connective tissue diseases which affect the bone ?
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Osteoporosis/petrosis
examples of flat bones
Cranial bones, sternum, scapulae and ribs
examples of Sutural bone
little extra bones found between the cranial bones
examples of Short bone
Tarsals and carpals
examples of Irregular bone
vertebrate and sacrum
examples of sesamoid
patella
examples of Iong bone
Humours, radius, femur, metatarsals etc.
Membrane of bone, muscle and nerves
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Periosteum
Endosteum
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium
horizontal blood carrying cannels in compact bone
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Volkmanns channels
What is the non bone marrow part of spongy bone ?
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lamellated trabeculae
Why colour of bone marrow goes where ?
Red in spongy bone
Yellow in the medullary cavity bone
Channels used for communication between osteocytes
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Canaliculi
Compare the extracellular matrix of connective tissue, bone and cartilage
Connective tissue - Fibres (rope like) which include both collagen (of which there are 19 types including Reticulin) and elastic fibres (which come in yellow sheets). Ground substance mainly made of proteoglycans and a tissue fluid.
Bone - Hydroxyapatite crystals and collagen fibres (type 1) and water
Cartilage - Water, and then also fibres (collagen type 2) and molecules (GAGs, proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
What has good tensile stregth?
Collagen
Functions of bone, cartilage, skin, muscles, the vertebral column, respiratory system, joints
Bone - Weight bearing, mineral store, protection and blood formation
Skin - UV protection, immune surveillance, energy store, sensory information
Cartilage - Support tissue and organs and a scaffold in bone development
Muscles - Movement, static support and head production
Vertebral column - Weight bearing, protection, movement, site of muscle attachment
Joints - Movement and growth
Respiratory system - Communication, immunity, gas exchange and maintenance of the acid base balance
Where is hyaline cartilage found ?
It is found in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, epiphyseal growth plate, synovial joints, nose, costal cartilage
Where is elastic cartilage found ?
the external ear and epiglottis
Where is fibrocartilage found ?
intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, knee joint
What is the average thickness of cartilage ?
2-3mm
What is articular cartilage and where does it get its nutrients from ?
The hyaline cartilage at the end of articulating bones.
From the synovial fluid in the synovial joints
What is the growth plate in long bones?
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epiphyseal growth plate
Histology topics
Types of cartilage
Types of fibrous joint (Spelling)
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
Types of cartilaginous joint (spelling)
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Where do you find a hinge joint ?
Elbow
Knee
Where do you find a pivot joint ?
C1 (Altas) to C2 (Axis)
joint in the elbow which allows the hand to be supinated
Where do you find a saddle joint ?
Base of the thumb
Where do you find a condylar joint ?
Joints in the metacarpals i.e. folding joints of the finders and toes
Where do you find a plane joint ?
Clavicle to scapula
Where do you find a ball and socket joint ?
Hip, shoulder
What is it called when blood vessels combine around joints ?
Anastomoses
What is Hilton’s law ?
the nerve supplying the muscles extending directly across and acting at a given joint not only supplies the muscle, but also innervates the joint and the skin overlying the muscle.
(Spelling) Name for a flat tendon ?
Aponeuroses
Names of the nerves (Spelling)
Musculocutaneous
Sciatic
Obturator
Names of muscles (Spelling)
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Brachioradialis
types of neuron and draw them
Bipolar
Psudounipolar
Multipolar
(Spelling) Cells which produce myelin
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
(Spelling) Blood supply to the nerves
Vasa nervorum
How many spinal nerves are there ?
31
How many vertebrate are there ?
33
What is used to increase shock absorption ?
Curvature
Intervertebral discs
Maximum movement in different sections of the spinal chord
Cervical - Flexion, extension, lateral flexion
Thoracic - Rotation
Lumbar - Flexion and extension
What ligament sits between the atlas and axis ?
Transverse ligament
Parts of the spinal chord
- The conus medullarise is the cone like inferior end of the spinal cord
- The cauda equina is the bundle of spinal nerve roots resembles horse tail. Spinal nerves that come out of the spinal chord after it ends enter the cauda equina, seeking their IV foramen to exit. Note therefore the spinal nerves are named for the level they exit the foramen not the spinal chord.
- The filum terminale (internum) is a continuation of pia mater
- Dural sac: terminates at S2 vertebral level and attached to the tip of the coccyx by filum terminale externum
- The dural cistern is the dilated dural sac, ends at S2 vertebral level
- Vertebral canal
Different sections of the spinal chord i.e. all the T1-L5 stuff
Sympathetic outflow - T1 - L2
Parasympathetic outflow - 3,7,9,10 and S2-4
Brachial plexus - C5 - T1
Lumbosacral plexus - L1 - S4
What is the function of extrinsic muscle groups ?
upper limb movement and respiration
What is the function of intrinsic muscle groups ?
maintained posture and control of movement of the vertebral column
What are examples of intrinsic muscles and there actions ?
Flexion (bilateral) by muscles anterior to the spine. i.e. Rectus abdominis and psaos Major .
Extension (bilateral) by muscles posterior to the spine. I.e. Erector Spinae
Rotation (unilateral) by muscles with oblique fibre orientation. i.e. External oblique, internal oblique (opposite side), and erector spinae.
Lateral flexion (unilateral). i.e. Erector Spinae, external and internal oblique
key muscles of the back (spelling)
Erector spinae Psaos major Rectus abdominus Deltoid Trapezius Latissimus dorsi External and internal obliques
What is at what level i.e. T2 T4 etc
Jugular notch - T2 Clavicular notch - T3 Sternal angle - T4/5 Vertebrate behind the heart - T5-8 Vertebrate in front of the heat - T4-7 Cardiac notch T4-6 Carina T4 Sympathetic outflow T1-L2 Parasympathetic outflow S2-4 Brachial plexus C5-T1 Start of the traches C6 Lumbosacral plexus L1-S4 Sympathetic nerves which supply the heart T1-4 Sympathetic nerves which supply the lungs T2-5
Innervation of the diaphragm
Sensory fibres in the phrenic nerve innervates the central part of the diaphragm
Motor fibres from the phrenic nerve innervates the inferior part of the diaphragm.
Intercostal fibres innervate the peripheral part of the diaphragm T7-T12
Innervation of the lungs
Phrenic nerve supplies the parietal pleura.
Sympathetic T2-5 intercostal nerves. These supply the lungs and the parietal pleura.
Vagus nerve which supplies the visceral pleura.
Innervation of the heart
Phrenic nerve innervates the fibrous and parietal pericardia.
Sympathetic nerves T1-4 supply the heart and the visceral pleura.
Vagus nerve supplies the heart and the visceral pericardia.
Bones of the hands and feet
Hands - Carpels, metacarpals and phalanges
Feet - Tarpels, metetarpals and phalanges
