Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Boards Review > Anatomy - Sharma > Flashcards

Anatomy - Sharma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the average horizontal and vertical measurements of the anterior cornea?

A

12mm H x 11mm V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the average horizontal and vertical measurements of the posterior cornea?

A

11.7mm H/V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the average radius of curvature of the anterior cornea?

A

7.8mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the average radius of the posterior cornea?

A

6.5mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the average CCT?

A

530 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the average peripheral corneal thickness?

A

710 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why might WTR astigmatism change to ATR astigmatism in old age?

A

Lens changes

Loss of lid tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the refractive power of the cornea?

A

43D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the refractive index of the tear film?

A

1.336

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the refractive index of the cornea?

A

1.376

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea, from anterior to posterior?

A 
Epithelium
Bowman's layer
Stroma
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many cell layers thick is the epithelium?

A

5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 cell types of the corneal epithelium?

A

Apical cells
Wing cells
Basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which corneal epithelial layer is the only layer to undergo mitosis?

A

Basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many layers of wing cells are there in the cornea epithelium?

A

2-3 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many layers of apical cells are there in the corneal epithelium?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are wing cells of the corneal epithelium adjoined?

A

Desmosomes

Gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Apical cells of the corneal epithelium secrete what substance? What is its purpose?

A

Glycocalyx

Attaches mucin layer of the tear film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the only cell layer in the cornea that is adhered with zonula occludens (tight junctions)?

A

Apical cells of the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the potential causes of Recurrent Corneal Erosions?

A

Poor attachment of epithelium to basement membrane (BM)
Poor attachment of BM to underlying tissue
Hemidesmosome malfunction
EBMD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How thick is Bowman’s layer?

A

8-14 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When is Bowman’s layer produced?

A

Prenatally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What produces Bowman’s layer?

A

Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of collagen makes up Bowman’s layer?

A

Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the purpose of Bowman’s layer?

A

Provides shape and rigidity, resisting penetrating injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

If injured, what replaces Bowman’s layer?

A

Scar tissue

Epithelium (PRK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In keratoconus, what layer of the cornea suffers the initial damage?

A

Bowman’s layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is broken when corneal hydrops occurs?

A

Descemet’s membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

As a pterygium progresses onto the cornea, what cell layer is destroyed?

A

Bowman’s layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Band keratopathy involves what type of deposits, in what layer of the cornea?

A

Calcium deposits

Bowman’s layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the average thickness of the stroma?

A

500 microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What 3 main things compose the corneal stroma?

A

Collagen fibrils
Keratocytes
Extracelular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of keratocytes in the cornea?

A

Maintain the stroma by synthesizing collagen and ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where in the stroma is a higher density of keratocytes present?

A

Anterior stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fibril bundles in the cornea run in what directions?

A

Limbus to limbus, parallel to the corneal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What fills in the space between fibril bundles of the cornea?

A

GAGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

GAGs attract and bind what?

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the main purpose of GAGs in the cornea?

A

Maintiain precise spacing between fibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How thick is Descemet’s membrane?

A

5-15 microns (thickens with age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of collagen makes up Descemet’s membrane?

A

Type IV collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What layer of the cornea terminates at the limbus and forms Schwalbe’s line?

A

Descemet’s membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Descemet’s membrane has weak attachments with what neighboring structures?

A

Stroma

Endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are Hassall-Henle bodies?

A

Bulges of thickening Descemet’s membrane bulging into the anterior chamber in the corneal periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How thick is the endothelium?

A

5 microns (1 cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What shape are corneal endothelial cells?

A

Hexagonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

If there is an injury to the corneal endothelium, how is the defect covered?

A

The endothelial cells stretch to cover the defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Endothelial cells have what type of junctions, creating what kind of barrier?

A

Macula occludens

Slightly leaky barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the most metabolically active layer of the cornea?

A

Endothelium (NaK pump)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Change in cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is polymegathism?

A

Change in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is corneal gutatta?

A

Thickening of Descemet’s membrane in the central cornea

52
Q

Gutatta indicate what type of dysfunction?

A

Endothelial dysfunction

53
Q

The cornea sends afferent innervation through which nerve?

A

V1 - Trigeminal, ophthalmic

54
Q

Nerves in the central cornea are open. At what portion of the cornea do nerves become myelinated?

A

Limbus

55
Q

Where are most of the corneal nerves concentrated?

A

Anterior stroma, immediately beneath Bowman’s laer

56
Q

Which layers of the cornea are not innervated?

A

Descemet’s membrane

Endothelium

57
Q

The sclera is continuous at the limbus with what layer of the cornea?

A

Stroma

58
Q

Scleral opacity is due to what 2 things?

A

Low water content

Irregular spacing of fibrils

59
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior sclera?

A

Short ciliary nerve

60
Q

What nerve(s) innervates all but the posterior sclera?

A

Long ciliary nerves

61
Q

Is the sclera loose or dense connective tissue?

A

Dense

62
Q

Is the episclera loose or dense connective tissue?

A

Loose

63
Q

What layer of tears is secreted from the conjunctiva?

A

Mucin layer (goblet cells)

64
Q

What are the two layers of the conjunctiva?

A

Epithelial layer

Submucosal layer

65
Q

What 3 things are found in the epithelial layer?

A

Goblet cells
Microvilli
Melanin

66
Q

What things are found in the outer lymphoid layer of the submucosal conjunctiva?

A

Immune cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
PMNs

67
Q

What things are found in the inner fibrous layer of the submucosal conjunctiva?

A 
Collagen fibrils
Fibroblasts
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves
68
Q

What nerve innervates the bulbar conjunctiva?

A

Long posterior ciliary nerve

69
Q

What nerve(s) innervates the palpebral conjunctiva?

A

V1 and V2

70
Q

What is the purpose of the plica semilunaris?

A

Allow lateral movements of the eye

71
Q

What is contained in the caruncle?

A

A large nest of accessory lacrimal and subaceous glandular tissue
Covered in epithelium with goblet cells

72
Q

Where do limbal stem cells reside?

A

Palisades of Vogt

73
Q

A pinguecula indicates a change in what layer of the conjunctiva?

A

Submucosal layer

74
Q

A pterygium migrates along which corneal layer, and destroys which other layer?

A

Migrates along basement membrane

Destroys Bowman’s layer

75
Q

Where is the iris the thickest?

A

In the collarette region

76
Q

Where is the iris the thinest?

A

Iris base

77
Q

What is iridodialysis?

A

Iris root tearing away from the ciliary body

78
Q

What are the 4 layers of the iris?

A

Anterior border layer
Iris stroma and sphincter
Anterior epithelium and dilator
Posterior epithelium

79
Q

What is the iris anterior border layer composed of?

A

Fibroblasts

Pigmented melanocytes

80
Q

What cells are found in the iris stroma?

A

Melanocytes
Fibroblasts
Lymphocytes
Macrophages

81
Q

In what layer of the iris is the sphincter muscle found?

A

Iris stroma

82
Q

In what layer of the iris is the dilator found?

A

Anterior epithelium

83
Q

What type of cells make up the anterior epithelium of the iris?

A

Myoepithelial cells

84
Q

What direction does the iris dilator muscle run?

A

Radially

85
Q

What makes up the posterior iris epithelium?

A

Single layer of pigmented cells

86
Q

What layer of the iris makes up the iris ruff?

A

Posterior epithelium

87
Q

Aniridia has a high association with what disease?

A

Glaucoma

88
Q

In Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS), from where on the iris are pigment granules shed?

A

Posterior iris - midperiphery

89
Q

Heterochromia, if not congenital, can be a sign of what?

A

Uveal inflammation

90
Q

What is the refractive power of the lens?

A

20D

91
Q

What is the diameter of the adult lens?

A

9.0mm

92
Q

What is the lens capsule made of?

A

Basement membrane, produced by the anterior epithelium

93
Q

What makes up the basement membrane that surrounds the lens?

A

Type IV collagen

GAGs

94
Q

What shape of epithelial cells make up the lens epithelium?

A

Cuboidal

95
Q

What region of the lens contains mitotic epithelial cells?

A

Pre-equatorial

96
Q

Which type of lens fibers continue throughout life?

A

Secondary lens fibers

97
Q

What are the 3 types of lens crystallins, and where are they found?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Found in the lens fiber cytoplasm

98
Q

What accounts for the gradient refractive index of the lens?

A

Crystallins

99
Q

When an emmetropic eye is viewing at distance, is the ciliary muscle relaxed, or contracted?

A

Relaxed

100
Q

When the ciliary muscle is relaxed, what happens to the lens zonules?

A

They are stretched, and un-accommodate the lens

101
Q

When accommodating, what are the states of the ciliary muscle and the lens zonules?

A

Ciliary muscle is contracted

Lens zonules are relaxed

102
Q

Which photoreceptors primarily use retinal blur as a stimulus for accommodation?

A

Cones

103
Q

What is the extent of the choroid?

A

Ora serrata to optic nerve

104
Q

Where is the choroid the thickest? How thick?

A

Posterior pole

0.2mm

105
Q

Where is the choroid the thinnest? How thin?

A

Ora serrata

0.1mm

106
Q

What are the 4 layers of the choroid?

A

Suprachoroid lamina
Choroidal stroma
Choriocapillaris
Bruch’s membrane

107
Q

What is the suprachoroid lamina?

A

A potential space between the sclera and the choroidal vessels

108
Q

Which layer of the choroid can swell without causing detachment?

A

Suprachoroid lamina

109
Q

Which layer of the choroid carries the LPCA and LPCN from posterior to anterior?

A

Suprachoroid lamina

110
Q

In which layer of the choroid can Haller’s and Sattler’s layers be found?

A

Choroidal stroma

111
Q

What size of vessels are found in Sattler’s layer?

A

Medium sized vessels

112
Q

What size of vessels are found in Haller’s layer?

A

Large vessels

113
Q

The venules of what choroidal layer join to become vortex veins?

A

Choroidal stroma

114
Q

What layer of the choroid has a high density of melanin granules?

A

Stroma

115
Q

In what layer of the choroid would fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells be found?

A

Stroma

116
Q

Where is the choriocapillaris the most dense?

A

Macula

117
Q

What provides local blood flow regulation in the choriocapilaris?

A

Pericytes

118
Q

What is the innermost layer of the choroid?

A

Bruch’s membrane

119
Q

Bruch’s membrane fuses with what?

A

RPE

120
Q

What is the purpose of Bruch’s membrane?

A

Allow nutrients to flow into the retina

Remove waste products from the retina

121
Q

Where to drusen deposit?

A

Between the inner collagenous layer of Bruch’s and the BM of RPE

122
Q

What is drusen?

A

A deposit of waste material from the RPE

123
Q

What layer of the choroid is damaged by angioid streaks?

A

Elastic layer of Bruch’s membrane

124
Q

Angioid streaks are associated with what 4 systemic diseases?

A

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Ehler’s-Danlos syndrome
Paget’s disease
Sickle cell disease

125
Q

Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) result from a break in what?

A

Bruch’s membrane

126
Q

CNVM may be due to what 4 things?

A

Pathological myopia
Exudative ARMD
Histoplasmosis
Choroidal rupture

Boards Review (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions