Anatomy Revision Flashcards
what structures are in the RUQ
Liver, gallbladder, stomach (pylorus), duodenum (parts1-3), head of pancreas, right kidney,
right suprarenal gland, hepatic flexure, ascending colon (superior part), transverse colon (right
half)
what structures are in the LUQ
– Liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, jejunum, proximal ileum, pancreas (body and tail), left
kidney, left suprarenal gland, splenic flexure, descending colon (superior part), transverse colon
(left half)
what structures are in the RLQ
Cecum, appendix, ileum, ascending colon (inferior part), right ovary and uterine tube (female),
right spermatic cord (abdominal part, male), right ureter (abdominal part)
what structures are in the LLQ
Sigmoid colon, descending colon (inferior part), left ovary and uterine tube (female), left spermatic cord (abdominal part, male), left ureter (abdominal part)
what structures are normally palpated in the abdomen
Xiphoid process/costal margin, rectus abdominis, sigmoid colon, caecum, lower border of liver, lower pole of right kidney may be palpable, abdominal aorta pulse may be palpable, full/distended bladder, enlarged uterus, sacral promontory may be palpable
describe the arterial blood supply pathway of the abdomen
Abdominal aorta:
- Coelic trunk (Hepatic, splenic and left gastric),
- SMA (right colic, middle colic, ileocolic, inferior pancreaticoduodenal),
- IMA (left colic, sigmoid, superior
rectal) , - Renal/Suprarenal arteries,
- Gonadal arteries
what are the paracolic gutters
grooves lying bilaterally between ascending/descending colon and the
posterolateral abdominal wall
what is the pouch in males
rectovesical
what are the pouches in females
Vesicouterine pouch and rectouterine pouch
where can liver/ diaphragm pain refer to
shoulder
where can stomach pain refer to
between shoulder blades
where can pancreas pain refer to
mid back
where can kidney pain refer to
thighs
what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a surgical neck # of the humerus
axillary:
m= abduction of shoulder
joint
s= regimental badge
what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a mid shaft # of the humerus
radial m=wrist drop, possibly elbow extension s= posterior forearm, posterior hand lateral side
what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a supracondylar # of the humerus
ulnar m= claw hand, abduction/adduction of fingers, adduction of thumb, wasting of hypothenar eminence, guttering s= medial palm and dorsum and medial one and a half fingers
what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a neck # of the fibula
common fibular (peroneal) m= foot drop s= dorsum of foot, cleft between big and second toe
what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a posterior hip dislocation
sciatic m= weak extension of hip joint, flexion of knee, all movements of ankle and foot s= loss of sensation posterior thigh, all skin inferior to knee except medial calf
what parts of the heart form the anterior surface
right ventricle
what parts of the heart form the posterior surface
both atria
what parts of the heart form the inferior surface
both ventricles
what parts of the heart form the right border
right atrium (and IVC and SVC)
what parts of the heart form the left border
left ventricle (and part of left atrium)
what parts of the heart form the inferior border
right ventricle
what parts of the heart form the superior border
both artia
SVC
ascending aorta
pulmonary trunk
Name the ‘space’ posterior to the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the
superior vena cava. What is the clinical significance of this space?
Transverse pericardial sinus – it allows cardiac surgeons to identify/clamp the ascending
aorta/pulmonary trunk during surgery
Name the peripheral pulses
where you would palpate them
Carotid pulse - Bifurcation of common carotid, at level of thyroid cartilage
Brachial Pulse -Anterior to elbow joint
Radial pulse - Radial side of volar aspect of wrist
Femoral Pulse - Midpoint of groin
Popliteal pulse - Posterior to knee joint
Posterior tibial pulse - Posterior to medial malleolus of tibia
Dorsalis pedis pulse -On dorsum of foot
Describe the blood supply to the heart
supplied by the right and left coronary arteries, which arise as branches of the aorta
from sinuses within or slightly superior to the cusps of the aortic valve.
The left coronary artery
gives off: left anterior descending (anterior interventricular), circumflex
artery and left marginal.
The right coronary artery gives off: right marginal
and posterior interventricular.
Which surface and artery
is affected in an anterior myocardial infarction
anterior surface, left anterior descending artery
is affected in an inferior myocardial infarction
Inferior (diaphragmatic) surface, right coronary artery (80% of time), circumflex artery (20% of time
what is the normal path of electrical conduction in the heart
sa node
AV node
bundle of his
purkinje fibres (in myocardium)
Which two major arteries supply blood to the brain?
vertebral, internal carotid
what skull foramen does the vertebral artery pass through
foramen magnum
what skull foramen does the internal carotid artery pass through
carotid canal
where is the primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus
where in body would a lesion in the ACA affect
lower limb
where in body would a lesion in the MCA affect
upper limb, thorax, head
what are three signs of a lesion in the corticospinal tract
brisk reflexes
increased tone
muscle weakness
explain why patients with a
lower motor neurone lesion of the facial nerve (CN VII) are unable to show their teeth
(smile) and unable to raise their eyebrows, whereas patients with an upper motor neurone
lesion are unable to show their teeth, but still able to raise their eyebrows
Muscles of forehead (frontalis) receive bilateral corticonuclear innervation from facial nerve; therefore muscles used to raise eyebrows still function after UMNL. Muscles used for smiling receive only contralateral facial nerve innervation, so are affected.
what is another names for the hilar lymph nodes
bronchopulmonary
what is the path of lymph from lung tissue and visceral pleura
drains into the superficial subpleural plexus first
before draining into the hilar lymph nodes
what is the route of lymphatic drainage from the left lung
upper lobe to the left venous angle.
drain towards the hilar lymph
nodes, then towards the tracheobronchial lymph nodes then towards
the thoracic duct, via the bronchomediastinal lymph trunk before
eventually draining into the left venous angle
What is unusual about lymphatic drainage from the left lung lower
lobe? Why is this clinically important?
Some lymph from the left lower lobe will drain via the right
tracheobronchial nodes into the right lymphatic duct. This is
clinically important when investigating the spread of disease (i.e.
cancer) along these routes
Where does lymph from the parietal pleura drain to?
To lymph nodes of the thoracic wall – intercostal, parasternal, mediastinal and phrenic
describe the extent of the lung fields in anatomical terms i.e. how far do the lungs reach
superiorly, inferiorly, medially and laterally?
Superiorly – Superior to rib 1 into root of neck
Inferiorly – Contour following ribs 6 (anteriorly), 8 (laterally) and 10 (posteriorly)
Medially – Mediastinum (cardiac notch on left side)
Laterally – Rib cage
Describe the pleura
Thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that secretes pleural fluid, found covering the external
surface of the lungs (visceral pleura) and the internal surface of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura). It
is named according to its position (cervical, mediastinal, costal, diaphragmatic). The two layers are
continuous with each other at the pleural reflections
what are the recesses found in the pleural cavities
Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal
(Reflections of pleura between the structures they are named after I.e. pleural reflection between
diaphragm and ribs, or between ribs (sternum) and mediastinum.)
why are the pleural recesses important
They are important in the pooling of excess fluid in the pleural cavity. In an upright patient, excess fluid
will collect in the costodiaphragmatic recess and will be visible on a standard CXR
which phase of respiration is the diaphragm active in
inspiration
what muscle groups are active during quiet respiration
diaphragm
Internal intercostal muscles
External intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles
what nerve supplies the diaphragm
phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)
what nerve supplies intercostal muscles
intercostal nerve
Why do runners bend over and hold on to their knees at the end of a race?
hold on to knees to fix scapula; accessory muscles of respiration can then be
recruited to raise ribs: pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
what is between the two layers of pleura
pleural fluid
what are the functions of pleural fluid
allows the two layers of pleura to slide over each other during respiration
provides surface tension to prevent two layers from separating
what can cause the separation of the two players of pleura
blood - haemothorax
air - pneumothorax
excess pleural fluid – pleural effusion
