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CLASP Radiology > Anatomy Revision > Flashcards

Anatomy Revision Flashcards

1
Q

what structures are in the RUQ

A

Liver, gallbladder, stomach (pylorus), duodenum (parts1-3), head of pancreas, right kidney,
right suprarenal gland, hepatic flexure, ascending colon (superior part), transverse colon (right
half)

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2
Q

what structures are in the LUQ

A

– Liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, jejunum, proximal ileum, pancreas (body and tail), left
kidney, left suprarenal gland, splenic flexure, descending colon (superior part), transverse colon
(left half)

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3
Q

what structures are in the RLQ

A

Cecum, appendix, ileum, ascending colon (inferior part), right ovary and uterine tube (female),
right spermatic cord (abdominal part, male), right ureter (abdominal part)

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4
Q

what structures are in the LLQ

A 
Sigmoid colon, descending colon (inferior part), left ovary and uterine tube (female), left
spermatic cord (abdominal part, male), left ureter (abdominal part)
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5
Q

what structures are normally palpated in the abdomen

A 
Xiphoid process/costal margin, 
rectus abdominis, 
sigmoid colon, 
caecum, 
lower border of liver, 
lower pole of right kidney may be palpable, 
abdominal aorta pulse may be palpable, 
full/distended bladder,
enlarged uterus, 
sacral promontory may be palpable
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6
Q

describe the arterial blood supply pathway of the abdomen

A

Abdominal aorta:

  • Coelic trunk (Hepatic, splenic and left gastric),
  • SMA (right colic, middle colic, ileocolic, inferior pancreaticoduodenal),
  • IMA (left colic, sigmoid, superior
    rectal) ,
  • Renal/Suprarenal arteries,
  • Gonadal arteries
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7
Q

what are the paracolic gutters

A

grooves lying bilaterally between ascending/descending colon and the
posterolateral abdominal wall

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8
Q

what is the pouch in males

A

rectovesical

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9
Q

what are the pouches in females

A

Vesicouterine pouch and rectouterine pouch

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10
Q

where can liver/ diaphragm pain refer to

A

shoulder

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11
Q

where can stomach pain refer to

A

between shoulder blades

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12
Q

where can pancreas pain refer to

A

mid back

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13
Q

where can kidney pain refer to

A

thighs

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14
Q

what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a surgical neck # of the humerus

A

axillary:
m= abduction of shoulder
joint
s= regimental badge

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15
Q

what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a mid shaft # of the humerus

A 
radial 
m=wrist drop, possibly
elbow extension
s= posterior forearm,
posterior hand lateral
side
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16
Q

what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a supracondylar # of the humerus

A 
ulnar 
m= claw hand,
abduction/adduction of
fingers, adduction of
thumb, wasting of
hypothenar eminence,
guttering
s= medial palm and dorsum
and medial one and a
half fingers
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17
Q

what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a neck # of the fibula

A 
common
fibular
(peroneal)
m= foot drop 
s= dorsum of foot, cleft
between big and second
toe
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18
Q

what are the nerve injuries and deficits (motor and sensory) associated with a posterior hip dislocation

A 
sciatic 
m= weak extension of hip
joint, flexion of knee, all
movements of ankle and
foot
s= loss of sensation
posterior thigh, all skin
inferior to knee except
medial calf
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19
Q

what parts of the heart form the anterior surface

A

right ventricle

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20
Q

what parts of the heart form the posterior surface

A

both atria

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21
Q

what parts of the heart form the inferior surface

A

both ventricles

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22
Q

what parts of the heart form the right border

A

right atrium (and IVC and SVC)

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23
Q

what parts of the heart form the left border

A

left ventricle (and part of left atrium)

24
Q

what parts of the heart form the inferior border

A

right ventricle

25
Q

what parts of the heart form the superior border

A

both artia
SVC
ascending aorta
pulmonary trunk

26
Q

Name the ‘space’ posterior to the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta and anterior to the
superior vena cava. What is the clinical significance of this space?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus – it allows cardiac surgeons to identify/clamp the ascending
aorta/pulmonary trunk during surgery

27
Q

Name the peripheral pulses

where you would palpate them

A

Carotid pulse - Bifurcation of common carotid, at level of thyroid cartilage
Brachial Pulse -Anterior to elbow joint
Radial pulse - Radial side of volar aspect of wrist
Femoral Pulse - Midpoint of groin
Popliteal pulse - Posterior to knee joint
Posterior tibial pulse - Posterior to medial malleolus of tibia
Dorsalis pedis pulse -On dorsum of foot

28
Q

Describe the blood supply to the heart

A

supplied by the right and left coronary arteries, which arise as branches of the aorta
from sinuses within or slightly superior to the cusps of the aortic valve.
The left coronary artery
gives off: left anterior descending (anterior interventricular), circumflex
artery and left marginal.
The right coronary artery gives off: right marginal
and posterior interventricular.

29
Q

Which surface and artery

is affected in an anterior myocardial infarction

A

anterior surface, left anterior descending artery

30
Q

is affected in an inferior myocardial infarction

A 
Inferior (diaphragmatic) surface, right coronary artery (80% of time),
circumflex artery (20% of time
31
Q

what is the normal path of electrical conduction in the heart

A

sa node
AV node
bundle of his
purkinje fibres (in myocardium)

32
Q

Which two major arteries supply blood to the brain?

A

vertebral, internal carotid

33
Q

what skull foramen does the vertebral artery pass through

A

foramen magnum

34
Q

what skull foramen does the internal carotid artery pass through

A

carotid canal

35
Q

where is the primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

36
Q

where in body would a lesion in the ACA affect

A

lower limb

37
Q

where in body would a lesion in the MCA affect

A

upper limb, thorax, head

38
Q

what are three signs of a lesion in the corticospinal tract

A

brisk reflexes
increased tone
muscle weakness

39
Q

explain why patients with a
lower motor neurone lesion of the facial nerve (CN VII) are unable to show their teeth
(smile) and unable to raise their eyebrows, whereas patients with an upper motor neurone
lesion are unable to show their teeth, but still able to raise their eyebrows

A

Muscles of forehead (frontalis) receive bilateral corticonuclear innervation from facial nerve; therefore muscles used to raise eyebrows still function after UMNL. Muscles used for smiling receive only contralateral facial nerve innervation, so are affected.

40
Q

what is another names for the hilar lymph nodes

A

bronchopulmonary

41
Q

what is the path of lymph from lung tissue and visceral pleura

A

drains into the superficial subpleural plexus first

before draining into the hilar lymph nodes

42
Q

what is the route of lymphatic drainage from the left lung

upper lobe to the left venous angle.

A

drain towards the hilar lymph
nodes, then towards the tracheobronchial lymph nodes then towards
the thoracic duct, via the bronchomediastinal lymph trunk before
eventually draining into the left venous angle

43
Q

What is unusual about lymphatic drainage from the left lung lower
lobe? Why is this clinically important?

A

Some lymph from the left lower lobe will drain via the right
tracheobronchial nodes into the right lymphatic duct. This is
clinically important when investigating the spread of disease (i.e.
cancer) along these routes

44
Q

Where does lymph from the parietal pleura drain to?

A

To lymph nodes of the thoracic wall – intercostal, parasternal, mediastinal and phrenic

45
Q

describe the extent of the lung fields in anatomical terms i.e. how far do the lungs reach
superiorly, inferiorly, medially and laterally?

A

Superiorly – Superior to rib 1 into root of neck
Inferiorly – Contour following ribs 6 (anteriorly), 8 (laterally) and 10 (posteriorly)
Medially – Mediastinum (cardiac notch on left side)
Laterally – Rib cage

46
Q

Describe the pleura

A

Thin layer of simple squamous epithelium that secretes pleural fluid, found covering the external
surface of the lungs (visceral pleura) and the internal surface of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura). It
is named according to its position (cervical, mediastinal, costal, diaphragmatic). The two layers are
continuous with each other at the pleural reflections

47
Q

what are the recesses found in the pleural cavities

A

Costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal
(Reflections of pleura between the structures they are named after I.e. pleural reflection between
diaphragm and ribs, or between ribs (sternum) and mediastinum.)

48
Q

why are the pleural recesses important

A

They are important in the pooling of excess fluid in the pleural cavity. In an upright patient, excess fluid
will collect in the costodiaphragmatic recess and will be visible on a standard CXR

49
Q

which phase of respiration is the diaphragm active in

A

inspiration

50
Q

what muscle groups are active during quiet respiration

A

diaphragm
Internal intercostal muscles
External intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles

51
Q

what nerve supplies the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

52
Q

what nerve supplies intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerve

53
Q

Why do runners bend over and hold on to their knees at the end of a race?

A

hold on to knees to fix scapula; accessory muscles of respiration can then be
recruited to raise ribs: pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

54
Q

what is between the two layers of pleura

A

pleural fluid

55
Q

what are the functions of pleural fluid

A

allows the two layers of pleura to slide over each other during respiration
provides surface tension to prevent two layers from separating

56
Q

what can cause the separation of the two players of pleura

A

blood - haemothorax
air - pneumothorax
excess pleural fluid – pleural effusion

CLASP Radiology (6 decks)

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