Anatomy Review Flashcards
Head
Cephalic
Neck
Cervical
Shoulder
Acromial
Upper Arm
Brachial
Anterior Elbow
Anticubital
Lower Arm
antebrachium
Posterior Elbow
Cubital
Wrist
Carpal
Hand
Manus
Thumb
Pollex
Fingers
Digits
Chest
Thoracic
Abdominal
Peritoneal
Pelvic
Perineal
Groin
Inguinal
Buttock
Gluteal
Hip
Coxal
Thigh
Femoral
Anterior Knee
Patellar
Posterior Knee
Popliteal
Lower Leg
Crucal
Calf
Sural
Ankle
Tarsal
Top off foot
Dorsum Pedis
Sole of foot
Plantar
Big Toe
Hallux
Toes
Digits
Dorsal Body Cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
lined by meninges, connective tissue that holds the brain and spinal cord in position
Ventral Body Cavity
- thoracic cavity
2. abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity
- inside of the ventral body cavity
- from the cervical inlet at the rib cage to the respiratory diaphragm
- contains the left and right pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
- contains the mediastinum
Pleural Cavities - coverings
Visceral membrane covers the lungs
Parietal membrane covers the pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Not a cavity but a region between the pleural cavities.
- contains the heart, esophagus, trachea/bronchi, thymus, and the great vessels of the heart
Abdominopelvic cavity
- peritoneal (abdominal) cavity
- perineal (pelvic) cavity
- retroperitoneal
peritoneal cavity
contains stomach, small intestine, parts of large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and spleen.
- visceral peritoneum lines the structures within the cavity
- parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity
- mesentery: flap that interconnects the visceral and parietal in abdominal cavity
perineal cavity
contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, parts of large intestine
retroperitoneal
region behind the abdominal cavity
contains kidney and pancreas
Serous membrane
lining of ventral body cavities and coverings of organs within the cavities
Visceral membrane
covers organs
Parietal membrane
lines cavities
mucus membrane
acts as an external barrier and lubricant in body cavities
- comes from goblet cells or mucous glands
How many bones are in the human body
206
Bone classifications
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
- sesamoid bones
long bones
- longer than they are wide
- made up of an epiphysis (prox. and dist.), metaphysis (prox. and dist.), and a diaphysis
Periosteum
outer coverings of connective tissue on bones
endosteum
inner lining of connective tissue on bones
Sharpy’s Fibers
Connect periosteum to endosteum
- anchors the periosteum and attached ligaments and tendons to the bone
Epiphysis
Proximal and distal ends of a bone
- usually have articular cartilage
- spongy bone
- red marrow where hemopoiesis is done
Metaphysis
In between epiphysis and diaphysis
- where the epiphyseal plate or line is
epiphyseal plate
cartilage active until the end of puberty, involved in bone elongation.
epiphyseal line
Seam formed when all of the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate has been converted into bone
diaphysis
shaft of the bone
- hollow, mostly compact bone
- contains yellow marrow which is an energy store
Composition of bones
Bones have cells
Ground substance of the bone is the surrounding extracellular matrix
- 25% water
- 50% mineral salts
- 25% protein
keeps the solid mineral salts from shaking apart
Short bones
Cuboidal, found only in ankle and carpus
Flat bones
usually serve protective functions (bones of the cranium)
Irregular bones
various shapes, cannot be classified any other way
Sesamoid bones
bones located in tendons (patella)
- protect the tendons from excessive wear
Types of bone
- compact bone
2. spongy bone
Compact bone
Has osteon, a repeating structural organization
- forms external layer of all bones
- provides protection and support
Osteon composition
Has concentric rings of matrix called lamellae, in between lamellae there are osteocytes, cells that maintain the matrix. Osteocytes are located inside of canliculi. Spaces are all connected to blood vessels through perforating and central canals.
Concentric lamallae
rings of hard bone matrix
central canal
runs longitudinally in bone and contains blood and lymph vessels
perforating canal
contains blood vessels that connect central canal to the periosteum or endosteum
lacunae
small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
canaliculi
small channels radiating from lacunae into the bone of the lamellae thwack contain extracellular fluid and cytoplasmic process of osteocytes
Spongy bone
Unit is trabeculae
- contain red marrow (hemopoiesis)
Trabeculae
Unit of spongy bone, like osteon but do not have perforations for blood vessels because they are bathed in red marrow
Wolff’s Law
Bone grows or remodels to meet the demands of stress places upon it
compression stress
due to weight and gravity pushing
stretch stress
due to muscle pull or bending tension
Appositional bone growth
- no cartilage involved
- increase in diameter of the bone
- one of the ways bones can adapt to different levels of activity
Bone fracture healing
- hematoma
- fibrocartilage callus
- bony callus
- bone remodeling
Bone Vocab
Openings
- foramen
- fissure
- meatus
Bone Vocab
Depressions
- fossa
2. sulcus
Bone Vocab
Joint Process
- condyle
- facet
- head
Bone Vocab
Muscle attachment process
- crest
- epicondyle
- line
- spinous process
- trochanter
- tubercle
- tuberosity
How can joints be classified
- structure
2. function
Joint classification based off of function
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
synarthrosis
immobile joint
ex. suture in the skill of an older person
amphiarthrosis
a joint that moves slightly
ex. suture in the skull of a young person
diarthrosis
freely moveable joint
ex. elbow
Joint classification based off of structure
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
Fibrous joints
held together by fibrous tissue
- syn or amphi
Cartilaginous joints
Held together by a block of cartilage
- syn or amphi
Synovial Joints
held together by dense irregular connective tissue forming synovial cavity
- diarthrosis
Types of fibrous joints
- suture
- syndesmoses
- gomphosis
Suture joint
irregular joints held together by fibrous connective tissue
- syn
- ex. joints between the flat bones of the skull
- fibrous