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Anatomy > Anatomy Review > Flashcards

Anatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

Head

A

Cephalic

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2
Q

Neck

A

Cervical

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3
Q

Shoulder

A

Acromial

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4
Q

Upper Arm

A

Brachial

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5
Q

Anterior Elbow

A

Anticubital

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6
Q

Lower Arm

A

antebrachium

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7
Q

Posterior Elbow

A

Cubital

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8
Q

Wrist

A

Carpal

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9
Q

Hand

A

Manus

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10
Q

Thumb

A

Pollex

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11
Q

Fingers

A

Digits

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12
Q

Chest

A

Thoracic

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13
Q

Abdominal

A

Peritoneal

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14
Q

Pelvic

A

Perineal

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15
Q

Groin

A

Inguinal

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16
Q

Buttock

A

Gluteal

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17
Q

Hip

A

Coxal

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18
Q

Thigh

A

Femoral

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19
Q

Anterior Knee

A

Patellar

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20
Q

Posterior Knee

A

Popliteal

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21
Q

Lower Leg

A

Crucal

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22
Q

Calf

A

Sural

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23
Q

Ankle

A

Tarsal

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24
Q

Top off foot

A

Dorsum Pedis

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25
Q

Sole of foot

A

Plantar

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26
Q

Big Toe

A

Hallux

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27
Q

Toes

A

Digits

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28
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A
  1. cranial cavity
  2. vertebral cavity

lined by meninges, connective tissue that holds the brain and spinal cord in position

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29
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A
  1. thoracic cavity

2. abdominopelvic cavity

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30
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • inside of the ventral body cavity
  • from the cervical inlet at the rib cage to the respiratory diaphragm
  • contains the left and right pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
  • contains the mediastinum
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31
Q

Pleural Cavities - coverings

A

Visceral membrane covers the lungs

Parietal membrane covers the pleural cavities

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32
Q

Mediastinum

A

Not a cavity but a region between the pleural cavities.

- contains the heart, esophagus, trachea/bronchi, thymus, and the great vessels of the heart

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33
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A
  1. peritoneal (abdominal) cavity
  2. perineal (pelvic) cavity
  3. retroperitoneal
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34
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

contains stomach, small intestine, parts of large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and spleen.

  • visceral peritoneum lines the structures within the cavity
  • parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity
  • mesentery: flap that interconnects the visceral and parietal in abdominal cavity
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35
Q

perineal cavity

A

contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, parts of large intestine

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36
Q

retroperitoneal

A

region behind the abdominal cavity

contains kidney and pancreas

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37
Q

Serous membrane

A

lining of ventral body cavities and coverings of organs within the cavities

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38
Q

Visceral membrane

A

covers organs

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39
Q

Parietal membrane

A

lines cavities

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40
Q

mucus membrane

A

acts as an external barrier and lubricant in body cavities

  • comes from goblet cells or mucous glands
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41
Q

How many bones are in the human body

A

206

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42
Q

Bone classifications

A
  1. long bones
  2. short bones
  3. flat bones
  4. irregular bones
  5. sesamoid bones
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43
Q

long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide

- made up of an epiphysis (prox. and dist.), metaphysis (prox. and dist.), and a diaphysis

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44
Q

Periosteum

A

outer coverings of connective tissue on bones

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45
Q

endosteum

A

inner lining of connective tissue on bones

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46
Q

Sharpy’s Fibers

A

Connect periosteum to endosteum

  • anchors the periosteum and attached ligaments and tendons to the bone
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47
Q

Epiphysis

A

Proximal and distal ends of a bone

  • usually have articular cartilage
  • spongy bone
  • red marrow where hemopoiesis is done
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48
Q

Metaphysis

A

In between epiphysis and diaphysis

- where the epiphyseal plate or line is

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49
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

cartilage active until the end of puberty, involved in bone elongation.

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50
Q

epiphyseal line

A

Seam formed when all of the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate has been converted into bone

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51
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the bone

  • hollow, mostly compact bone
  • contains yellow marrow which is an energy store
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52
Q

Composition of bones

A

Bones have cells

Ground substance of the bone is the surrounding extracellular matrix
- 25% water
- 50% mineral salts
- 25% protein
keeps the solid mineral salts from shaking apart

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53
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal, found only in ankle and carpus

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54
Q

Flat bones

A

usually serve protective functions (bones of the cranium)

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55
Q

Irregular bones

A

various shapes, cannot be classified any other way

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56
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

bones located in tendons (patella)

- protect the tendons from excessive wear

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57
Q

Types of bone

A
  1. compact bone

2. spongy bone

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58
Q

Compact bone

A

Has osteon, a repeating structural organization

  • forms external layer of all bones
  • provides protection and support
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59
Q

Osteon composition

A

Has concentric rings of matrix called lamellae, in between lamellae there are osteocytes, cells that maintain the matrix. Osteocytes are located inside of canliculi. Spaces are all connected to blood vessels through perforating and central canals.

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60
Q

Concentric lamallae

A

rings of hard bone matrix

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61
Q

central canal

A

runs longitudinally in bone and contains blood and lymph vessels

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62
Q

perforating canal

A

contains blood vessels that connect central canal to the periosteum or endosteum

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63
Q

lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

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64
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels radiating from lacunae into the bone of the lamellae thwack contain extracellular fluid and cytoplasmic process of osteocytes

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65
Q

Spongy bone

A

Unit is trabeculae

- contain red marrow (hemopoiesis)

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66
Q

Trabeculae

A

Unit of spongy bone, like osteon but do not have perforations for blood vessels because they are bathed in red marrow

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67
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

Bone grows or remodels to meet the demands of stress places upon it

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68
Q

compression stress

A

due to weight and gravity pushing

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69
Q

stretch stress

A

due to muscle pull or bending tension

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70
Q

Appositional bone growth

A
  • no cartilage involved
  • increase in diameter of the bone
  • one of the ways bones can adapt to different levels of activity
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71
Q

Bone fracture healing

A
  1. hematoma
  2. fibrocartilage callus
  3. bony callus
  4. bone remodeling
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72
Q

Bone Vocab

Openings

A
  1. foramen
  2. fissure
  3. meatus
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73
Q

Bone Vocab

Depressions

A
  1. fossa

2. sulcus

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74
Q

Bone Vocab

Joint Process

A
  1. condyle
  2. facet
  3. head
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75
Q

Bone Vocab

Muscle attachment process

A
  1. crest
  2. epicondyle
  3. line
  4. spinous process
  5. trochanter
  6. tubercle
  7. tuberosity
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76
Q

How can joints be classified

A
  1. structure

2. function

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77
Q

Joint classification based off of function

A
  1. synarthrosis
  2. amphiarthrosis
  3. diarthrosis
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78
Q

synarthrosis

A

immobile joint

ex. suture in the skill of an older person

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79
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

a joint that moves slightly

ex. suture in the skull of a young person

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80
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely moveable joint

ex. elbow

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81
Q

Joint classification based off of structure

A
  1. fibrous
  2. cartilaginous
  3. synovial
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82
Q

Fibrous joints

A

held together by fibrous tissue

- syn or amphi

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83
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Held together by a block of cartilage

- syn or amphi

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84
Q

Synovial Joints

A

held together by dense irregular connective tissue forming synovial cavity

  • diarthrosis
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85
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  1. suture
  2. syndesmoses
  3. gomphosis
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86
Q

Suture joint

A

irregular joints held together by fibrous connective tissue

  • syn
  • ex. joints between the flat bones of the skull
  • fibrous
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87
Q

Syndemoses joints

A

held together by ligaments or sheets of fibrous connective tissue

  • amphi
  • ex. tibia and fibula
  • fibrous
88
Q

Gomphosis joints

A

joints between roots of teeth and alveoli of jaws

  • syn
  • fibrous
89
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. syncondrosis

2. symphyses

90
Q

Syncondrosis joints

A

bones connected by hyaline cartilage

  • syn
  • ex. epiphyseal plate of growing long bones
  • carilaginous
91
Q

Symphyses joints

A

bones connected by a pad of fibrocartilage

  • amphi
  • ex. joint between manubrium and body of sternum
  • cartilaginous
92
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A
  1. planar
  2. hinge
  3. ball in socket
  4. pivot
  5. concydloud
  6. saddle
93
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Synovial fluid is found in the joint

  • diarthrosis
  • joint surfaces are covered in articular cartilage
94
Q

labrum

A

edge of cartilage and forms part of the socket of a ball and socket joint

95
Q

Proprioception

A

Detects movement and positioning to gives you the sensation of where your body is in space
- synovial joints

96
Q

Bursae

A

is a fluid filled sac located in the area of a synovial joint which acts as a cushion

97
Q

Tendon sheath

A

Fluid filled tube surrounding tendons where they pass through a synovial joint

ex. biceps tendon through shoulder joint

98
Q

Plantar joints

A

Two flat surfaces rubbing against each other.

  • flat or slightly curved shape
  • ex. intercarple
  • 1 degree of freedom
  • synovial
99
Q

Hinge joints

A

Two convex surfaces fitting into two concave surfaces

  • can only flex and extend
  • 1 degree of freedom
  • ex. knee
  • synovial
100
Q

Pivot joints

A

rotation

  • 1 degree of freedom
  • synovial
101
Q

Condyloid joints

A

Oval shaped end of one bone fits into oval cavity of another

  • flexion and extension
  • abduction and adduction
  • ex. wrist
  • 2 degrees of freedom
  • synovial
102
Q

Saddle joints

A

Single convex surface fitting into a deep concave surface

  • 2 degrees of freedom
  • ex. trapezium to first metacarple
  • synovial
103
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

Huge condyloid joints with internal and external rotation as well

  • 3 degrees of freedom
  • ex. shoulder
  • synovial
104
Q

Flexion / Etension

A

Movement about the sagittal plane

105
Q

Abd / Adduction

A

Movement about the frontal plane

106
Q

Interal / External rotation

A

Movement about the transverse plane

107
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

When you lift your toes at the ankle

- achieved through extensor muscles

108
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Lifting your heel with toes on the ground

109
Q

Inversion

A

Big toe up

- movement of soles of the feet towards the midsagittal plane

110
Q

Eversion

A

Big toe down, little toe up

- movement of the solves of the feet away from the midsagittal line

111
Q

Skin layers

A
  1. epidermis

2. dermis

112
Q

Epidermis

A

outer layer of skin, connected to the dermis by hemidesmosomes

  • avascular
113
Q

Dermis

A

Connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and adipose

114
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis, connective tissue fibers form skin ligaments and determine skin mobility

115
Q

Deep fascia

A

Layer of dense connective tissue surrounding deep organs

116
Q

Investing fascia

A

individual muscles, bundles of nerve and blood vessels

117
Q

inter muscular septa

A

create fascial compartments, surrounding muscle groups

118
Q

subserous fascia

A

between body well and parietal serous membrane

119
Q

Types of muscle

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. smooth muscle
  3. cardiac muscle
120
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

responsible for voluntary movement in the skeletal system

121
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

responsible for involuntary movement of the heart

122
Q

smooth muscle

A

responsible for involuntary movement of the blood vessel and hollow organ walls

123
Q

muscle fiber

A

single cell

surrounded by endomysium

124
Q

fascicle

A

group of fibers

surrounded by perimysium

125
Q

whole muscle

A

group of fascicles
surround by epimysium
- then goes on to become tendon which connects to the periosteum of the bone and then is connected by sharp’s fibers to the endosteum

126
Q

Types of skeletal muscles

A
  1. flat
  2. pennate
  3. parallel
  4. fusiform
  5. convergent
  6. quadrate
  7. circular
  8. multi-headed
127
Q

flat muscles

A

found in lateral abdominal walls

128
Q

pennate muscles

A

has a central tendon which allows more fibers to connect to the tendon and pull in the same direction
-more strength

129
Q

parallel muscles

A

longest muscles in the body, tend to have longest ROM

130
Q

fusiform muscles

A

thicker body parallel muscles, stronger bc they are winder in diameter and have more fibers pulling in the same direction
- ex. biceps

131
Q

convergent muscles

A

triangular muscles

  • broad proximal attachments and a focal and distal attachment
  • can pull in multiple directions
132
Q

Quadrate muscles

A

muscles that are compartmentalized, separated by connective tissue
ex. rectus abdominus

133
Q

Circular muscles

A

orbicularis occuli - muscle in face that closes the eyelids

134
Q

Multi-headed muscles

A

muscles that pull in multiple directions

135
Q

tendon

A

bundled connective tissue part of the muscle that attaches to bone

136
Q

aponeuroses

A

flat steel like attachment of muscle to bone

137
Q

origin

A

site of tendon attachment that remains relatively stationary
- proximal attachment

138
Q

insertion

A

site of tendon attachment that moves

- distal attachment

139
Q

Agonists

A

a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for a particular movement
- muscle with the most fibers within a cross section of other muscles

140
Q

synergists

A

muscles that assist the prime mover in performing its action

141
Q

antagonist

A

muscles whose actions oppose that of the agonist

142
Q

fixators

A

muscles that prevent the origin from moving

- ex. fixator would hold the scapula in place for the long head of the triceps and biceps muscle

143
Q

fascia

A

deep connective tissue surrounding individual muscles and muscle groups

144
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

runs from right ventricle to left atria

- carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returning oxygenated blood back to the heart

145
Q

Systemic circuit

A

runs from left ventricle to right atria

- carries oxygenated blood to tissue capillaries of body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

146
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood from the heart to tissue capillaries

147
Q

anastomosis

A

different arteries that are interconnected which insures continues blood flow if an artery were to become occluded

148
Q

large diameter elastic arteries

A

proximal, aorta and its main branches

- high % of elastic tissue, do not vasodialte or constrict because they are so elastic

149
Q

arterioles

A

smooth muscle component, regulates flow of blood into capillary bed

150
Q

capillaries

A

thin walled for exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid

  • movement out of capillaries is filtration
  • movement into capillaries is reabsorption
151
Q

Veins

A

carry blood from the tissue capillaries BACK to the heart

  • at rest only 2L/5L of blood are circulating
152
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

prepare the body for fight or flight

153
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

inhibits the body from overworking and returns it to a calm state

154
Q

Neurons

A

cells involved in generating and propagating nerve signals

  1. sensory neurons
  2. motor neurons
  3. associative neurons
155
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry afferent signals from sensor/receptors to CNS

156
Q

motor neurons

A

carry efferent signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles of glands)

157
Q

associative neurons

A

connect sensory to motor signals

- helps complete the neural loop

158
Q

Glia

A

Support, insulate, and nourish neurons

- form myelin sheath around some axons

159
Q

nerves

A

collections of neurons

160
Q

endoneurium

A

CT covering of individual nerve fiber

161
Q

Perinerium

A

CT covering of nerve fascicles

162
Q

Epineurium

A

CT covering of whole nerve

163
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

made mostly of associative neurons

164
Q

Gray matter

A

nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
- negative feedback control centers

  • dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn T1-L2, lateral horn S2-S4
165
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons

deals with ascending tracts and descending tracts

166
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

- consists of spinal and cranial nerves and their branches

167
Q

Types of sensory afferent neurons

A
  1. special sensory neurons
  2. somatosensory neurons
  3. visceral sensory neurons
168
Q

Special sensory neurons

A

single neuron pathway

  • vision, auditory, taste, olfaction, balance
  • carry these signals from special sensory organs to brain via cranial nerves
169
Q

Somatosensory neurons

A

single neuron pathway to carry extroceptive and proprioceptive (conscious) signals from skin, muscles, tendons and joints to CNS

170
Q

visceral sensory neurons

A

single neuron pathway to carry subconscious signals from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS

171
Q

Types of motor efferent neurons

A
  1. somatomotor neurons

2. visceral motor

172
Q

somatamotor neurons

A

single neuron pathway to carry voluntary signals to skeletal muscle

173
Q

visceral motor

A

two neuron pathway to carry involuntary signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

  • first neuron is in the CNS and second is in the ganglion
174
Q

gangion

A

collection of cell bodies outside of CNS

175
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 paid of nerves connect primarily head structures to the brain containing all 3 sensory neuron types and both motor neuron types

176
Q

Cranial Nerve 1

A

olfactory nerve

carries olfactory special sensory nerves

177
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A

optic nerve

carries visual special sensory signals

178
Q

Cranial Nerve 3

A

oculomotor nerve

  • controls iris to dilate and constrict pupils
  • adapts to near and far vision
179
Q

Cranial Nerve 4

A

trochlear nerve

carries somatmotor signals to eye muscles

180
Q

Cranial Nerve 5

A

trigeminal nerve

carries somatosensory signals from the head
- involved in chewing

181
Q

Cranial Nerve 6

A

abducent nerve

carries somatomotor signals to the eye muscles

182
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

A

facial nerve

carries special sensory signals for taste, somatomotor signals to facial muscles

183
Q

Cranial Nerve 8

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

carries special sensory signals for both auditory and equilibrium

184
Q

Cranial Nerve 9

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

carries special sensory signals for taste

185
Q

Cranial Nerve 10

A

vagus nerve

carries parasympathetic signals to organs in thorax and abdomen
- swallowing and vocalization

186
Q

Cranial Nerve 11

A

spinal accessory nerve

carries somatomotor signals to neck/shoulder muscles

187
Q

Cranial Nerve 12

A

hypoglossal nerve

carries somatomotor signals to tongue

188
Q

Ascending tracts

A

carry sensory signals from peripheral nerve somatosensory neurons and viscerosensory neurons to brain

189
Q

Descending tracts

A

carry motor signals from somatomotor and autonomic motor control centers in the brain to somatomotor and autonomic motor neurons

190
Q

Dorsal (posterior) horn

A

associative neurons that connect somatosensory and viscerosensory neurons to

  • ascending tract
  • motor neurons in lateral or ventral horns.
191
Q

ventral horn

A

cell bodies of somatomotor neurons

  • origin of motor efferent signals
192
Q

lateral horn T1-L2

A

cell bodies of sympathetic neurons

193
Q

lateral horn S2-S4

A

cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons

194
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs, 62 total spinal nerves

- connected to spinal cord by a dorsal root

195
Q

Dorsal root (posterior)

A

axons of sensory neurons only both somatosensory and viscerosensory neurons

196
Q

Cervical spinal nerves

197
Q

thoracic spinal nerves

198
Q

lumbar spinal nerves

199
Q

sacral spinal nerves

200
Q

coccygeal spinal nerves

201
Q

dorsal rout ganglion

A

associated with the dorsal root, contains cell bodies of somatosensory and viscerosensory neurons

202
Q

ventral root (anterior)

A

contains axons of both somatomotor and autonomic motor neurons

203
Q

rami

A

connect spinal nerves peripheral structures

- contain axon of both sensory and motor neurons

204
Q

dorsal rami (posterior)

A

branch into peripheral nerves to deep back muscles, vertebral column and upper and lower limbs

  • supplies more than dorsal rami
  • fuse to form a nerve plexus
  • unfused to form segmental nerves (thoracic region)
205
Q

Ventral rami

A

form right and left plexi

  1. cervical plexus
  2. brachial plexus
  3. lumbar plexus
  4. sacral plexus
206
Q

cervical plexus

207
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5 to T1

  • start with 5 ventral rami
  • converges and then diverges
  • supply sensory and motor to the arms
208
Q

lumbar plexus

A

L1 to L4

- sensory and motor to the hips and legs

209
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4 to S4

- sensory and motor to the hips and legs

210
Q

Peripheral sensory and motor pathways

A
  1. viscerosensory and somatosensory
  2. somatomotor signals
  3. autonomic motor signals
211
Q

viscerosensory and somatosensory signals

A

carried by a single motor neuron from a sensor/receptor to the spinal cord, the sensory neuron soma is located in the dorsal root ganglion and reach the spinal cord dorsal horn via a dorsal root

212
Q

somataomotor signals

A

carried by a single neuron with its soma in the ventral horn, form spinal cord to skeletal muscle

  • form ventral horn up and down spinal cord to skeletal muscle
213
Q

autonomic motor signals

A

carried by two neurons, a preganglionic neuron with soma in the lateral horn and a post ganglionic with soma in a ganglion, from spinal ford to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands

214
Q

dermatome

A

region of skin whose somatosensory signals are carried by a particular nerve.

  • innervated by a single spinal nerve
215
Q

myotome

A

all of the muscles innervated by a particular spinal nerve

- individual spinal nerves will innervate more than one muscle

Anatomy (11 decks)

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