anatomy -Retroperitoneal structures-Important GI ligaments Digestive tract anatomy

Question 1

Which parts of the duodenum are retroperitoneal?

Answer 1

The second, third, and fourth parts

Question 2

What qualities define the retroperitoneal structures?

Answer 2

Gastrointestinal structures lacking a mesentery and non-GI structures that are behind the peritoneum

Question 3

Name all the structures or parts of structures that are retroperitoneal structures (SAD PUCKER mnemonic)

Answer 3

Suprarenal glands, Aorta/IVC, Duodenum (2nd–4th parts), Pancreas (not tail), Ureters, Colon, Kidneys, Esophagus (thoracic), Rectum (part)

Question 4

Which two structures are completely retroperitoneal?

Answer 4

Kidneys and adrenal glands

Question 5

What part of the pancreas is not found in the retroperitoneal space?

Answer 5

The tail

Question 6

Which two parts of the urinary system are retroperitoneal?

Answer 6

The kidney and ureters

Question 7

Which portion(s) of the colon is/are retroperitoneal?

Answer 7

The ascending and descending colon

Question 8

The falciform ligament connects which two structures?

Answer 8

The liver and the abdominal wall

Question 9

In the gastrointestinal tract, the gastrohepatic ligament connects which two structures?

Answer 9

The liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 10

In the gastrointestinal tract, if the gastrocolic ligament were damaged, which of the patient’s two structures would be disconnected?

Answer 10

The transverse colon and the greater curvature of the stomach

Question 11

In the gastrointestinal tract, if the splenorenal ligament were damaged, which of the patient’s two structures would be disconnected?

Answer 11

The spleen and the posterior abdominal wall

Question 12

The ____ ligament connects the liver and the duodenum.

Answer 12

Hepatoduodenal

Question 13

The falciform ligament contains what structure?

Answer 13

The ligamentum teres hepatis (derived from the fetal umbilical vein)

Question 14

During surgery, the gastrohepatic ligament is severed. Blood flow to which organ is impaired?

Answer 14

The stomach (gastric arteries)

Question 15

The gastrocolic ligament contains what structures?

Answer 15

The gastroepiploic arteries

Question 16

What vessels are contained within the gastrosplenic ligament?

Answer 16

Short gastrics, left gastroepiploic vessels

Question 17

The splenorenal ligament contains what structures?

Answer 17

The splenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas

Question 18

Intraoperatively, the portal triad is noted to be bleeding. Through which opening can it be compressed to achieve hemostasis?

Answer 18

The omental foramen may be accessed to compress the hepatoduodenal ligament (compression is called the Pringle maneuver)

Question 19

The surgeon needs to access the lesser sac during surgery. Which of the patient’s gastrointestinal ligaments can be cut?

Answer 19

The gastrohepatic ligament

Question 20

What ligament is part of the greater omentum?

Answer 20

The gastrocolic ligament

Question 21

The ligament that separates the right greater and lesser sacs connects the liver to which structure?

Answer 21

The lesser curvature of the stomach (gastrohepatic ligament, containing the gastric arteries)

Question 22

What ligament is a derivative of the ventral mesentery?

Answer 22

The falciform ligament

Question 23

A researcher dissects the falciform ligament. He finds vein remnants inside. What has he uncovered?

Answer 23

The ligamentum teres hepatis (derivative of fetal umbilical vein)

Question 24

A surgeon accidentally cuts into the hepatoduodenal ligament and notes bile-tinged bleeding. What specific structure(s) has he cut into?

Answer 24

The portal triad: proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct

Question 25

A surgeon carefully cuts into a ligament separating the greater curvature and spleen. He aims to avoid bleeding from which specific vessels?

Answer 25

Short gastrics and left gastroepiploic vessels (this is the gastrosplenic ligament)

Question 26

Which layer of the muscularis externa is closer to the gut lumen: the circular layer or the longitudinal layer?

Answer 26

The circular layer

Question 27

List the three components of the gut wall mucosa.

Answer 27

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa

Question 28

What is the primary function of the epithelium of the gut wall mucosa?

Answer 28

Absorption

Question 29

What is the primary function of the lamina propria of the gut wall mucosa?

Answer 29

Support

Question 30

What is the primary function of the muscularis mucosa of the gut wall mucosa?

Answer 30

Mucosal motility

Question 31

If a patient is missing his submucosal nerve plexus, which gut function would be impaired?

Answer 31

Secretory activity (the Submucosa contains the Submucosal plexus, also known as the Meissner plexus)

Question 32

List the four main layers of the gut wall, starting from the lumen.

Answer 32

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Question 33

List the basal electric rhythms of the stomach, duodenum, and ileum.

Answer 33

Stomach = 3 waves/min, duodenum = 12 waves/min, and ileum = 8–9 waves/min

Question 34

What layer(s) can ulcers extend into?

Answer 34

Submucosa, inner or outer muscular layer

Question 35

What is the outermost layer of the gut called when retroperitoneal?

Answer 35

Adventitia (the GI serosa exists only in the peritoneal cavity)

Question 36

A patient thinks he has erosions. In which layer of the gut are these typically found?

Answer 36

Mucosa only